Help:IPA/Polish

This is an information page.

It describes the editing community's established practice on some aspect or aspects of Wikipedia's norms and customs. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community.

Shortcuts

H:IPAP

H:IPAPL

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Polish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

All voiced obstruents /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʐ, ʑ, dʐ, dʑ/ are devoiced (so /d/ becomes [t], etc.) at the ends of words and in clusters ending in any unvoiced obstruents /p, t, k, f, s, x, ʂ, ɕ, tʂ, tɕ/. Voiceless obstruents are voiced (/x/ becoming [ɣ], etc.) in clusters ending in any voiced obstruent except /v, ʐ/, which are then themselves devoiced.

See Polish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Polish.

Consonants
IPA	Polish	Example	English approximation
b	b	bardzo	bike
ɕ	ś, s(i)^[1]	Jaś	she
d	d	dawno	door
dz^[2]	dz	dzban	beds
dʑ^[2]	dź, dz(i)^[1]	dziadek	jeep^[3]
dʐ ^[2]	dż	Dżakarta	jug^[3]
f	f	foka	feist
ɡ	g	grać	girl
ɡʲ	g(i)^[1]	Gienek	argue
ɣ	ch, h	niechby	roughly like go but without completely blocking air flow on the g
j	j, i^[1]	jak	yes
j̃^[4]	ń	koń	voice
k	k	krowa	scam
kʲ	k(i)^[1]	kierowca	skew
l	l	lampa	lion
m	m^[5]	morze	mile
n	n^[5]	nad	Nile
ɲ	ń, n(i)^[5]^[1]	nie	canyon
ŋ^[6]	n^[5]	bank	bank
p	p	policja	spike
r	r	różowy	rolled r like Italian Roma
s	s	smak	sign
ʂ	sz	szybko	shore^[3]
t	t	tak	stow
tɕ^[2]	ć, c(i)^[1]	cierpki	cheer^[3]
ts^[2]	c	całkiem	cats
tʂ^[2]	cz	czy	child^[3]
v	w	wartość	vile
w^[7]	ł	ładny	way
x	ch, h	chleb	(Scottish) loch
xʲ	ch(i), h(i)^[1]	hiacynt	huge
z	z	zebra	zebra
ʑ	ź, z(i)^[1]	ziarno	vision, azure^[3]
ʐ	ż, rz	rzadko	vision, azure^[3]

Vowels
IPA	Polish	Example	English approximation
a	a	tam	father
ɛ	e	krem	bet
ɛ̃	ę^[5]	kęs	French vin
i	i^[1]	piwo	eat
ɨ	y	my	roses
ɔ	o	rok	off
ɔ̃	ą^[5]	wąs	French son
u	u, ó	duży	boot

Other symbols used for Polish
IPA	Explanation
ˈ	Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), usually the penultimate syllable of a word.
ˌ	Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
.	Syllable break.

Notes[edit]

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (help·info) "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] "three hundred".

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.

^ Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f The letters ⟨ą⟩ and ⟨ę⟩ represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).

^ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.

^ The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

External links[edit]

Polish Pronunciation Audio and Grammar Charts

[soften-1] ⁱ^j The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.

[affricate-2] The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (help·info) "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] "three hundred".

[postalveolar-3] Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.

[4] Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.

[nasalvowel-5] The letters ⟨ą⟩ and ⟨ę⟩ represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).

[6] Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.

[7] The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet keys
Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Egyptian Hejazi Tunisian Aramaic Armenian Assamese Asturian Australian languages Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Breton Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Central Franconian Colognian Luxembourgish Chinese Standard Cantonese Taiwanese Hokkien Corsican Czech Danish Dari Dothraki Dutch English Dialects Old English Esperanto Estonian Extremaduran Fijian Finnish Franco-Provençal French Frisian Saterland West Galician Gagauz Georgian German Standard Alemannic Gorani Greek Guarani Gujarati Haitian Creole Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi-Urdu Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Inuktitut Inupiaq Irish Italian Standard dialects Japanese Judaeo-Spanish Kannada Kashmiri Kazakh Khmer Klingon Korean Kouri-Vini Kurdish Lao Latin Latvian Laz Ligurian Lithuanian Lombard Macedonian Malagasy Malaysian Malayalam Maltese Manchu Manx Māori Marshallese Mayan Mingrelian Mongolian Mirandese Nahuatl Navajo Neapolitan Northern Thai Norwegian Occitan Odia Oromo Ossetic Persian Piedmontese Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Romanian Romansh Russian Sanskrit Classical Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Shan Sicilian Slovak Slovene Spanish Svan Swahili Swazi Swedish Tagalog Tai Lü Tajik Tamil Tatar Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Uzbek Venetian Vietnamese Walloon Wandamen Welsh Xhosa Yiddish Zaza Zulu
Comparisons	with other English IPA conventions with Wikipedia pronunciation respelling key with other English pronunciation respelling keys
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation

搜尋此網誌

njtynhj

Help:IPA/Polish

Help:IPA/Polish

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Interaction

Tools

Print/export

Languages

Popular posts from this blog

The Dalles, Oregon

眉山市

清晰法令