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Iran (Persian: ایران Irān [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known as Persia (), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen)), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center.
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries.
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The economy of Iran is the seventeenth largest in the world by purchasing power parity (PPP) and twenty-fifth by nominal gross domestic product. The country is the world's largest non-WTO economy and a member of Next Eleven. The economy of Iran is a mixed and transition economy with a large public sector and some 50% of the economy centrally planned. It is diversifed with over 40 industries directly involved in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Yet, most of the country's exports are oil and gas, accounting for a majority of government revenue in 2010. A unique feature of Iran's economy is the presence of large religious foundations, whose combined budgets make up more than 30% of central government spending. Due to its relative isolation from the global markets, Iran was initially able to avoid falling into recession in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. However, due to increasingly stringent sanctions imposed by the international community as a result of the country's nuclear program, the economy has started to shrink in 2012. Oil exports have halved, and Iraq has overtaken Iran in oil output for the first time since the 1980s. In September 2012, the Iranian currency fell to a record low of 23,900 rials to the US dollar. Distortions resulting from a combination of price controls and subsidies, particularly on food and energy, continue to burden the economy. Contraband, administrative controls, corruption, and other restrictive factors undermine the potential for private sector-led growth. High oil prices in recent years have enabled Iran to amass well over $100 billion in foreign exchange reserves. Whilst this has aided self-sufficiency and domestic investment, double-digit unemployment and inflation remain problematic. Iran's educated population, economic inefficiency, and insufficient foreign and domestic investment have prompted an increasing number of Iranians to seek employment overseas, resulting in a significant "brain drain".
Avicenna Mausoleum in Hamedan.
September 8, 1978 – Iranian Army troops open fire on rioters in Teheran, killing 122, wounding 4,000.
September 16, 1941 – Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.
September 22, 1980 – The command council of Iraq orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets," initiating the Iran–Iraq War.
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You are invited to participate in WikiProject Iran, a WikiProject dedicated to developing and improving articles about Iran.
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Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi was a versatile Islamic philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. He is credited with, among other things, the discovery of sulfuric acid, the "work horse" of modern chemistry and chemical engineering; and also of alcohol and its use in medicine. Razi was a prolific writer, having produced 184 books and articles, in several fields of science. According to historian Ibn an-Nadim, Razi distinguished himself as the best physician of his time who had fully absorbed Greek medical learning. As a medical educator, he attracted many students of all levels. Wikinews Iran portal
July 1: FIFA World Cup 2018 day 12, 13, 14, 15: Iran, Nigeria, Germany, Senegal out of the tournament
June 21: FIFA World Cup 2018 day seven: Portugal, Uruguay, Spain win 1-0
June 16: FIFA World Cup 2018 Day 2: Uruguay, Iran win three points each with late goals; Portugal-Spain share the spoils
February 21: Iran: Wreckage found of plane crashed in mountains; all believed dead
October 21: United States judges block third version of President Trump's travel ban
January 9: Former Irani president Rafsanjani dies, aged 82
December 29: Around 7,100 cheetahs remain, say experts
October 4: Argentina wins maiden FIFA Futsal World Cup
- ...that Wikipedia has lots articles about Persian Kings?
- ...that the nearly completed Sivand Dam project in Fars Province, Iran will flood 130 archaeological sites and hasten the destruction of the ancient Persian city of Pasargadae?
- ...that riots broke out among Azeris in Iran after a newspaper published a cartoon about a cockroach?
- ...that the 5th-century Sassanian Emperor of Iran Yazdegerd I (pictured on coin) was given the epithets of Ramashtras ("the most quiet") as well as Al Khasha ("the harsh")?
- ...that Tanaz Eshaghian's film Be Like Others explores the experiences of transsexuals in Iran, a country that outlaws homosexuality but sanctions sex-reassignment surgery?
▼ Iran
► Buildings and structures in Iran
► Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving Iran
There are approximately 100,000 clerics in Iran and over 60,000 of them are in Qom. Most of them are theology students who have been studying there for many years, between 10-25 years on average.... Every student has to study a minimum of 25 years before he can attain the status of ‘ayatollah’, however most students spend 10 years studying in the hawza.
— Mohsen Kadivar
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Requested articles: House of Dahae, House of Parni, House of Sohae, Amards civilization, Iranian / Persian Cuisine / Cooking / Food, Anjoman e Payvand, More...
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Stubs: Work on stubs in articles in Iran stubs, Iran geography stubs, Iran transport stubs, Iran university stubs.
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Notability: Articles with notability concerns, listed at WikiProject Notability
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- The Iranian Wikipedians' notice board.
- The Iranian "to do" list.
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