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Tahōtō


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Tahōtō at Ishiyama-dera, dating to 1194 and a National Treasure; distinctive features are the square base; stupa mound; mokoshi or lower 'skirt' roof; upper pyramidal roof; and sōrin or finial




A hōtō




Floorplan of the daitō at Negoro-ji; many features are shared with the tahōtō; the daitō is larger, with five bays on each side rather than three





Stupa (仏舎利塔, busshari-tō) at Ryūkō-ji, Kanagawa Prefecture; without a protective roof, the plaster weathers rapidly





Four-stepped brackets at Sagami-ji, Hyōgo Prefecture




Bronze sōrin or finial at Iwawaki-dera, Ōsaka Prefecture; comprising an inverted bowl, lotus petals, nine rings, flame, and jewel


A tahōtō (多宝塔, lit. many-jewelled pagoda) is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. It is unique among pagodas because it has an even number of stories (two). (The second story has a balustrade and seems habitable, but is nonetheless inaccessible and offers no usable space.)[1] Its name alludes to Tahō Nyorai, who appears seated in a many-jewelled pagoda in the eleventh chapter of the Lotus Sutra.[2][3] With square lower and cylindrical upper parts, a mokoshi 'skirt roof', a pyramidal roof, and a finial, the tahōtō or the larger daitō was one of the seven halls of a Shingon temple.[4] After the Heian period the construction of pagodas in general declined, and new tahōtō became rare. Six examples, of which that at Ishiyama-dera (1194) is the earliest, have been designated National Treasures.[5]
There are no examples in China, whether architectural or pictoral, of anything that resembles the tahōtō, although there is a Song dynasty textual reference to a 'tahōtō with an encircling chamber'.[6]




Contents





  • 1 Hōtō


  • 2 Daitō


  • 3 Structure

    • 3.1 Single-storey


    • 3.2 Floor plan


    • 3.3 Upper part


    • 3.4 Finial



  • 4 Miniature versions


  • 5 Meaning


  • 6 Examples


  • 7 See also


  • 8 References




Hōtō[edit]


The hōtō (宝塔) or treasure pagoda is the ancestor of the tahōtō and dates to the introduction to Japan of Shingon and Tendai Buddhism in the ninth century.[2][6] No wooden hōtō has survived, albeit modern copies do exist, and stone, bronze, or iron specimen are always miniatures comprising a foundation stone, barrel-shaped body, pyramid roof, and a finial.[2][7]



Daitō[edit]


While the tahōtō is 3x3 ken (bays), a larger 5x5 ken version exists, known as daitō (大塔) or 'large pagoda'.[4]
This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a row of pillars or a wall separating the corridor (hisashi) from the core of the structure, abolished in smaller pagodas.[7][8]Daitō used to be common but, of all those ever built, only a few are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, another at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture, another at Narita-san in Chiba. (See the respective list entries.) Kūkai himself, founder of the Shingon school, built the celebrated daitō for Kongōbu-ji on Kōyasan; almost fifty metres high, chronicles relate that 'the mightiness of its single storey outdoes that of multi-storeyed pagodas'.[3][6][9] The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.



Structure[edit]



Single-storey[edit]


Japanese pagodas have an odd number of stories.[10] While the tahōto may appear to be twin-storied, complete with balustrade, the upper part is inaccessible with no usable space.[1] The lower roof, known as a mokoshi, provides shelter and the appearance of an additional storey.[6][11]



Floor plan[edit]


Raised over the kamebara or 'tortoise mound' (亀腹), the ground floor has a square plan, 3x3 ken across, with a circular core.[7][12] Inside, a room is marked out by the shitenbashira or 'four pillars of heaven' (四天柱), a reference to the Four Heavenly Kings.[1][7] The main objects of worship are often enshrined within.[7][13]



Upper part[edit]


Above is a second 'tortoise mound', in a residual reference to the stupa.[6] Since exposed plaster weathers rapidly, a natural solution was to provide it with a roof, the mokoshi.[6][14] Above again is a short, cylindrical section and a pyramidal roof, supported on four-stepped brackets.[1][15]



Finial[edit]


Main article: sōrin

Like all Japanese pagodas, the tahōtō is topped by a vertical shaft known as the sōrin (相輪).[16] This comprises the base or 'dew basin'; an inverted bowl with attached lotus petals; nine rings; 'water flame'; and jewel.[16] The finial's division in sections has a symbolic meaning and its structure as a whole itself represents a pagoda.[17]



Miniature versions[edit]


A number of smaller versions of the tahōtō are known, of stone, bronze, iron, or wood, and similar to the hōtō.[18][19]



Meaning[edit]


A number of mandala show the Iron Stupa in southern India, where the patriarch Nāgārjuna received the Esoteric scriptures, as a single-storey pagoda with a cylindrical body, a pyramidal roof, and a spire.[6] The forms used in the tahōtō, namely the square, circle, triangle, semi-circle, and circle, may represent the Five Elements or the Five Virtues.[3][6] The egg-shaped stupa mound or aṇḍa may represent Mount Sumeru, with the finial as the axis of the world; or, by a folk interpretation, the square base may represents a folded robe, the dome an overturned begging bowl, and the spire a walking staff.[3] The tahōtō served not as a reliquary tower but often as an icon hall.[7]



Examples[edit]

















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Image
Property
Date
Municipality
Prefecture
Comments
Designation
Raigō-in tahōtō (来迎院多宝塔)[20][21]1556RyūgasakiIbaraki Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Rakuhoji temple Tahoto Tower.jpgRakuhō-ji tahōtō (楽法寺多宝塔)[22]1684SakuragawaIbaraki Prefecture3 ken; originated in a three-storey pagoda of 1254, later ruined and rebuilt
Prefectural
BannajiTahoto.JPGBanna-ji tahōtō (鑁阿寺多宝塔)
1692AshikagaTochigi Prefecture3 ken

Kanasana Jinjya Tahōtō 2009.jpgKanasana Jinja tahōtō (金鑽神社多宝塔)[23]1534KamikawaSaitama Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Kitain-Tahoutou.jpg
Kita-in tahōtō (喜多院多宝塔)[24]		1639KawagoeSaitama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Nago-dera Tahoto old.jpg
Nago-dera tahōtō (那古寺多宝塔)[25]		1761TateyamaChiba Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Prefectural
Ishidō-ji tahōtō (石堂寺多宝塔)[26]1548MinamibōsōChiba Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Narita-san Great Pagoda of Peace.JPG
Narita-san daitō (新勝寺大塔)
1984NaritaChiba Prefecture5 ken

Gokoku-ji (Tahoto).jpgGokoku-ji tahōtō (護国寺多宝塔)[27]1938BunkyōTōkyō3 ken, tiled roof; modelled on that of Ishiyama-dera

Ikegami Honmon-ji hōtō.jpg
Ikegami Honmon-ji hōtō (池上本門寺宝塔)[28]		1828ŌtaTōkyō
ICP
Turu daitoz.jpg
Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū daitō (鶴岡八幡宮大塔)
KamakuraKanagawa Prefecture5 ken; destroyed

Nichiryuubuji2008-13.jpgNichiryūbu-ji tahōtō (日竜峯寺多宝塔)[29][30]1275-1332SekiGifu Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
ICP
Arako kannon 08.JPGKannon-ji tahōtō (観音寺多宝塔)[31][32]1536NagoyaAichi Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
ICP
Shōkai-ji tahōtō (性海寺多宝塔)[33][34]1393-1466InazawaAichi Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
ICP
Mantoku-ji tahōtō (万徳寺多宝塔)[35][36]1467-1572InazawaAichi Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
ICP
Tahoto at Senjoin 2010-02-27.JPGSenjō-in tahōtō (泉浄院多宝塔)
1962InuyamaAichi Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Daijuji tahoto.jpgDaiju-ji tahōtō (大樹寺多宝塔)[37][38]1535OkazakiAichi Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
ICP
Chiryū Jinja tahoto.jpgChiryū Jinja tahōtō (知立神社多宝塔)[39][40]1509ChiryūAichi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Tōkannon-ji tahōtō (東観音寺多宝塔)[41][42]1528ToyohashiAichi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Mitsuzōin (Kasugai) 18.JPGMitsuzō-in tahōtō (密蔵院多宝塔)[15][43][44]1393-1466KasugaiAichi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof; dismantled for repairs in 1953, roof repairs in 1977
ICP
Ishiyamadera5444.JPG
Ishiyama-dera tahōtō (石山寺多宝塔)[45][46][47][48]		1194ŌtsuShiga Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof; four painted pillars of the Kamakura period (ICP); inside are a Heian period and a Kamakura period wooden seated statue of Dainichi Nyorai, both (ICP)
National Treasure
Kontai-ji tahōtō (金胎寺多宝塔)[49]1298WazukaKyōto Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Jojakkoji01s3200.jpgJōjakō-ji tōba (常寂光寺塔婆(多宝塔))[49]1620KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
ICP
Yoshiminedera04n4592.jpgYoshimine-dera tahōtō (善峰寺多宝塔)[50]1621KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
ICP
Hōtō-ji tōba (寶塔寺塔婆(多宝塔))[51]1438KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Honpoji01s3216.jpgHonpō-ji tahōtō (本法寺多宝塔)[52]1808KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Horinji (Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto) tahoto.jpgHōrin-ji tahōtō (法輪寺多宝塔)
1942KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Jingoji Kyoto Kyoto40n4592.jpg
Jingo-ji tahōtō (神護寺多宝塔)[53][54]		1935KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; inside are five Heian period wooden seated statues of Kokuzō Bosatsu (National Treasures)
Chion-in (Tahoto).jpg
Chion-in tahōtō (知恩院多宝塔)
1958KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Eikando Zenrinji-temple Tahoto.JPG
Eikan-dō tahōtō (永観堂多宝塔)[55]		1928KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken

Osawaike Daikakuji Kyoto 001 JPN.jpg
Daikaku-ji hōtō (大覚寺宝塔)[56]		1967KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Kurama-dera Tahoto.jpgKurama-dera tahōtō (鞍馬寺多宝塔)[57]1960KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken; the previous tahōtō was destroyed in the late Edo period

Sanmyoin tahoto.jpgSanmyō-in tahōtō (三明院多宝塔)
1961KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Seiryoji tahoto.jpgSeiryō-ji tahōtō (清凉寺多宝塔)[58]1702KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Anaoji05s3200.jpgAnao-ji tahōtō (穴太寺多宝塔)[59]1804KameokaKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Daifukukō-ji tahōtō (大福光寺多宝塔)[15][60]1275-1332KyōtambaKyōto Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof; dismantled for repairs in 1918, roof repairs in 1955
ICP
Enryuji Maizuru05s3200.jpgEnryū-ji tahōtō (円隆寺多宝塔)[61]1751MaizuruKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Chionji Tahōtō.jpgChion-ji tahōtō (智恩寺多宝塔)[62]1500MiyazuKyōto Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Aizendo Shomanin Osaka03s5s3200.jpgShōman-in tōba (勝鬘院塔婆)[63]1597ŌsakaŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Iwawakiji2.jpgIwawaki-dera tahōtō (岩湧寺多宝塔)[64][65]1467-1572KawachinaganoŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, copper roof; inside is a Heian period seated wooden statue of Dainichi Nyorai (ICP)
ICP
Amanosan kongou-ji3.JPGKongō-ji tahōtō (金剛寺多宝塔)[66]1086-1184KawachinaganoŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Jigenin Izumisano04s3200.jpgJigen-in tahōtō (慈眼院多宝塔)[67]1271IzumisanoŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
National Treasure
Daiitokuji tahoto3.jpgDaiitoku-ji tahōtō (大威徳寺多宝塔)[68]1515KishiwadaŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Katsuo-jiF7398.jpg
Katsuō-ji tahōtō (勝尾寺多宝塔)[69]		1987MinōŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Hodoji (Sakai, Osaka) Tahoto.jpgHōdō-ji tahōtō (法道寺多宝塔)[15][70]1368SakaiŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1921, roof repairs in 1969
ICP
Eifukuji03s3200.jpgEifuku-ji tahōtō (叡福寺多宝塔)[71]1652TaishiŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Sagamiji03s3200.jpg
Sagami-ji tahōtō (酒見寺多宝塔)[72]		1662KasaiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled lower roof, hinoki upper roof
ICP
Okusan-ji tahōtō (奥山寺多宝塔)[73]1709KasaiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Cyokoji05.JPGChōkō-ji tahōtō (奥山寺多宝塔)[73]1710KatōHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Tokkoin02 1024.jpgTokkō-in tahōtō (徳光院多宝塔)[74]1478KobeHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Gayain02.JPGGaya-in tahōtō (伽耶院多宝塔)[75]1648MikiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Renge-ji tahōtō (蓮花寺多宝塔)[73]1812MikiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
Prefectural
Miki-tokoji03.JPGTōkō-ji tahōtō (蓮花寺多宝塔)[73]mid-Muromachi period
MikiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, iron upper roof, tiled lower roof
Prefectural
Shōkon-ji tahōtō (荘厳寺多宝塔)[73]1715NishiwakiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
Prefectural
Choonji (Amagasaki, Hyogo) tahoto.jpgChōon-ji tahōtō (長遠寺多宝塔)[76]1607AmagasakiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Onsenji07 2816.jpgOnsen-ji tahōtō (温泉寺多宝塔)
1767ToyookaHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Kichidenji Ikaruga Nara Pref03s3s4410.jpgKichiden-ji tahōtō (吉田寺多宝塔)[77]1463IkarugaNara Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Kume-dera tahōtō (久米寺多宝塔)[78]1615-1660KashiharaNara Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Chyogosonshiji tahoto.jpgChōgosonshi-ji tahōtō (朝護孫子寺多宝塔)
late Edo period
HeguriNara Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Hozanji tahoto.jpgHōzan-ji tahōtō (宝山寺多宝塔)
1957IkomaNara Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Tonanin Yoshino Nara02n4272.jpgTōnan-in tahōtō (東南院多宝塔)[79]early Meiji period
YoshinoNara Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
Jisonin tahoto.jpg
Jison-in tahōtō (慈尊院多宝塔)[80]		1624KudoyamaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Prefectural
Danjogaran Koyasan16n4272.jpg
Kōyasan Danjō Garan daitō (大塔)[3][9]		1937KōyaWakayama Prefecture5 ken; five Buddhas of the Diamond Realm enshrined inside, with bodhisattva painted on the columns, in a form of mandala; the first daitō was completed in 837; it and four successors were destroyed by fire
Danjogaran Koyasan08n4272.jpg
Kongōbu-ji Saitō (金剛峯寺西塔)[9]		1834KōyaWakayama Prefecture5 ken, tiled roof; five Buddhas of the Womb Realm enshrined inside
Danjogaran Koyasan23n3200.jpg
Kongōbu-ji Tōtō (金剛峯寺東塔)
1984KōyaWakayama Prefecture3 ken

KongouZanmaiin Tahoto.jpgKongō Sanmai-in tahōtō (金剛三昧院多宝塔)[81][82]1223KōyaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof; inside are Kamakura period wooden seated statues of the Five Buddhas

National Treasure
Kimiidera Wakayama18n4272.jpgKimii-dera tahōtō (護国院多宝塔)[83]1449WakayamaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Kaizenin tahoto.jpgKaizen-in tahōtō (海禅院多宝塔)[84]1653WakayamaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Negoroji03s3200.jpg
Negoro-ji tahōtō (daitō) (根来寺多宝塔(大塔))[85]		1492-1554IwadeWakayama Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof
National Treasure
Jomyoji Arida02n3200.jpgJōmyō-ji tahōtō (浄妙寺多宝塔)[15][86]1275-1332AridaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935
ICP
Chohoji05s3200.jpg
Chōhō-ji tahōtō (長保寺多宝塔)[15][87]		1357KainanWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1927
National Treasure
Henshō-ji tahōtō (遍照寺多宝塔)[88]1606KasaokaOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
ICP
Rendaiji 09.jpgRendai-ji tahōtō (蓮台寺多宝塔)[89]1670KurashikiOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; rebuilt after a storm in 1843
Prefectural
Anjū-in tahōtō (安住院多宝塔)[90]1688-1703OkayamaOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Shōen-ji tōba (tahōtō) (静円寺塔婆(多宝塔))[91]1690SetouchiOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Mitaki-dera Taho-to.jpg
Mitaki-dera tahōtō (三瀧寺多宝塔)[92][93]		1526HiroshimaHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; originally part of a Hachiman shrine in Wakayama Prefecture; relocated in 1951 in honour of the victims of the atomic bomb

Prefectural
Tahoto Miyajima 2011.JPG
Itsukushima Jinja tahōtō (厳島神社多宝塔)[94][95]		1523HatsukaichiHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
ICP
Onomichi Jodoji 08.JPGJōdo-ji tahōtō (浄土寺多宝塔)[15][96][97]1319-28OnomichiHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935, repainted in 1973
National Treasure

Kōsan-ji tahōtō (耕三寺多宝塔)[98]		1942OnomichiHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, copper roof; modelled on that of Ishiyama-dera

Registered
Butsuji Tahoutou.jpgButtsu-ji tahōtō (佛通寺多宝塔)[99]1927MiharaHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Registered
Akaibō tahōtō (閼伽井坊多宝塔)[100][101]1560KudamatsuYamaguchi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof; inscription with date found in 1928
ICP
Kirihataji 06.JPG
Kirihata-ji daitō (切幡寺大塔)[4][102]		1618AwaTokushima Prefecture5 ken, twin-storey, tiled roof; pillars unusually arranged in a concentric square; relocated from Sumiyoshi Taisha in Ōsaka during the Meiji period

ICP
Yakuoji 06 cropped.jpgYakuō-ji yugitō (薬王寺瑜祇塔)[103]1963MinamiTokushima Prefecture
Kumataniji 04.JPG
Kumadani-ji tahōtō (熊谷寺多宝塔)[104]		1774AwaTokushima Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Prefectural
Yodaji09s3872.jpgYoda-ji tahōtō (與田寺多宝塔)
1984HigashikagawaKagawa Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Okuboji 08.JPG
Ōkubo-ji tahōtō (大窪寺多宝塔)
1954SanukiKagawa Prefecture3 ken

Doryuji 06.JPGDōryū-ji tahōtō (道隆寺多宝塔)
1980TadotsuKagawa Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Yakuriji 07.JPGYakuri-ji tahōtō (八栗寺多宝塔)
1984TakamatsuKagawa Prefecture3 ken


See also[edit]








  • Tō

  • List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)

  • Pagoda

  • Stupa


References[edit]




  1. ^ abcd Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (10 April 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (30 September 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN 4-8122-9805-9..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ abc "Houtou". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 25 August 2010.


  3. ^ abcde Nicoloff, Philip L. (2008). Sacred Koyasan: A pilgrimage to the Mountain Temple of Saint Kōbō Daishi and the Great Sun Buddha. State University of New York Press. pp. 124–131, 301–3. ISBN 978-0-7914-7259-0.


  4. ^ abc "Daitou". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 25 August 2010.


  5. ^ "Database of National Cultural Properties (多宝塔)". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 23 May 2011.


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