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Bengali vocabulary








Bengali vocabulary


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Bengali (বাংলা Bangla) is one of the Magadhan languages, evolved from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali languages native to the Indian subcontinent. The core of Bengali vocabulary is thus etymologically of Magadhi Prakrit and Pali languages. However, centuries of major borrowing and reborrowing from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Sanskrit, Austroasiatic languages and other languages has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins. Thus making the origins of borrowed and reborrowed words in the Bengali vocabulary numerous and diverse, due to centuries of contact with various languages.




Contents





  • 1 Classifications of origin types


  • 2 Differences in Vocabulary


  • 3 Examples of borrowed words

    • 3.1 Arabic (আরবি Aarbi)


    • 3.2 Persian (ফার্সি Farsi)


    • 3.3 Turkish (তুর্কি Turki)


    • 3.4 Austroasiatic (Munda) languages (দেশী Deshi)


    • 3.5 Sanskrit (সংস্কৃত Sôngskritô)


    • 3.6 Japanese (জাপানি / নিহোঙ্গো Japani / Nihonggo )


    • 3.7 Dutch (ওলন্দাজ Olôndaj)


    • 3.8 Portuguese (পর্তুগিজ Pôrtugij)


    • 3.9 French (ফরাসি Fôrasi)


    • 3.10 English (ইংরেজি Ingreji)





Classifications of origin types[edit]




Sources of modern literary Bengali words

  তদ্ভব Tôdbhôbô (native)


  তৎসম Tôtsômô (Sanskrit reborrowings)


  দেশী Deshi (indigenous loans) and বিদেশী Bideshi (foreign loans)



The typical Bengali dictionary lists 75,000 separate words, of which 50,000 (67%) are considered তৎসম tôtsômô (words directly reborrowed from Sanskrit), 21,100 (28%) are তদ্ভব tôdbhôbô (native Bengali vocabulary with Sanskrit cognates), and the rest being borrowings from দেশী deshi "indigenous (Austroasiatic)" and বিদেশী bideshi "foreign" sources.


However, these figures do not take into account the fact that a huge chunk of these words are archaic or highly technical, minimising their actual usage. The productive vocabulary used in modern literary works, in fact, is made up mostly 67% of native tôdbhôbô words, while tôtsômô reborrowings only make up 25% of the total. Deshi and bideshi borrowings together make up the remaining 8% of the vocabulary used in modern Bengali literature.



Differences in Vocabulary[edit]


This table below compares the differences of spoken and used vocabularies in Bangladesh and West Bengal.























wordBangladesh
West Bengal
waterপানি pani
জল jôl
saltলবণ lôbôn
নুন nun
invitationদাওয়াত daoat
নিমন্ত্রণ nimôntrôn
windবাতাস batash
হাওয়া haoa
chiliমরিচ môric
লঙ্কা lôngka
homeবাসা basha
বাড়ি bari


Examples of borrowed words[edit]


Due to centuries of contact with Europeans, Mughals, Arabs, Persians, and East Asians, The Bengali language has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. After centuries of contact from Persia and the Middle East, followed by the invasions of the Mughal Empire, numerous Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, East Asian travellers and European colonialism brought words from Portuguese, French, Dutch, and most significantly English. Some very common borrowings are shown below.



Arabic (আরবি Aarbi)[edit]













































































WordMeaningOriginal form
আক্কেল akkel
wisdomعقل ʿaql
আসল ashôl
realأصل aṣl "root"
এলাকা elaka'
areaأﻻﻛﺔ ilākah
ওজন ojôn
weightوزن wazn "scale"
কবর kôbôr
graveقبر qabr
খবর khôbôr
newsخبر xabr
খালি khali
emptyخالي xālī
খেয়াল kheyal'
considerationخيال xayāl
গরিব gôrib
poorغريب gharīb "strange"
জবাব jôbab
answerجواب jawāb
জমা jôma
collectجمعة jamʿah
তারিখ tarikh
dateتاريخ tārīx "history, date"
দুনিয়া duniya
worldدﻧﯿـا dunya
নকল nôkôl
fakeنقل naql
ফকির fôkir
poor personفقير faqīr
বদল bôdôl
exchangeبدل badl
বাকি baki
remainingباقي bāqī
সাহেব shaheb
sirصاحب ṣāḥib "friend"
হিসাব hishab
calculationحساب ḥisāb
মুরব্বি murôbbi
elderمربي murabbī
কুর্সি kursi
seatكرسي kursī
মসনাদ môsônad
imperial throneمسند masunad
রহম rôhôm
mercyرحم raḥm
রুহু ruhu
spiritروح rūḥ


Persian (ফার্সি Farsi)[edit]































































































WordMeaningOriginal form
আয়না ayna
mirrorآینه āynah
আরাম aram
comfortآرام ārām
বকশিশ bôkshish
tipبخشش baxshish
আস্তে aste
slowly, softlyآهسته āhistah "slowly"
কাগজ kagôj
paperكاغذ kāghaz
খারাপ kharap
badخراب xarāb
খোদা khoda
godخدا xoda
খুব khub
greatlyخوب xūb "good"
গরম gôrôm
hotگرم garm
চশমা chôshma
glassesچشم chashm "eye"
চাকর chakôr
employee, servantچاکر chākar
চাদর chadôr
blanketچادر chādur
জান jan
dearجان jān
জায়গা jayga
placeجايگاه jāegāh
ডেগচি ḍegchi
potديگچه dēgchah
দম dôm
breathدم dam
দেরি deri
lateدير dēr
দোকান dokan
store, shopدكان dukān
পর্দা pôrda
curtainپرده pardah
বদ bôd
badبد bad
বাগান bagan
gardenباغان bāghān
রাস্তা rasta
road, wayراسته rāstah
রোজ roj
everydayروز rōz "day"
হিন্দু Hindu
Hinduهندو Hindū
পছন্দ pôchhôndô
like, appreciateپسند pasand
টেক্কা ṭekka
aceتيكه tika "contract"
আলু alu
potatoآلو âlu "plum"
নখ nôkh
nailناخن nāxun
খুন khun
killخون xūn "blood"
আওয়াজ aoaj
soundآواز āvāz


Turkish (তুর্কি Turki)[edit]





























WordMeaningOriginal form
কোরমা korma
kormakavurma
দাদা dada
grandfatherdede
নানী nani
maternal grandmothernine
বাবা baba
fatherbaba
বাবুর্চি baburchi
cook, chefbaburçi
বেগম begôm
ladybegüm
কেচি "Kechi"ScissorQãïnchi
লাশ "Lash"CorpseLesh


Austroasiatic (Munda) languages (দেশী Deshi)[edit]






































কাল kal
cold
কালো kalo
black
কুড়ি kuŗi
twenty
খুকি khuki
girl
খোকা khoka
boy
খোঁচা khõcha
poke
খোঁজ khõj
notice
চাল chal
চাউল chaul
rice grains,
চিংড়ি chingṛi

Prawn
চুলা chula
oven, stove
ঝিনুক jhinuk
shell
ঝোল jhol
gravy
ঠ্যাং ṭhæng
leg
ঢোল ḍhol

dhol
পেট peṭ
belly
বোবা boba

mute
মাঠ maṭh
field, open land
মুড়ি muṛi
puffed rice


Sanskrit (সংস্কৃত Sôngskritô)[edit]







































































WordMeaningOriginal form
চাহিদা chahida
demandचाहिदा chāhidā
স্বাগতম্ shagôtôm
welcomeस्वागतम् Svāgatam
নির্বাণ nirban
Nirvanaनिर्वाण Nirvāṇa
যোগ jog
Yogaयोग yóg
যোগী jogi
practicer of Yoga
योगिन् yogi
যৌন jouno
sex, sexual actयौन Yauna
আর্য্য arjô
Aryanआर्य ārya
আসন ashôn
seatआसन āsana
আশ্রম ashrôm
hermitage or monasteryआश्रम āśrama
অবতার ôbôtar
Avatarअवतार avatāra
আয়ুর্বেদ ayurbed
Ayurvedaआयुर्वेद āyurveda
বন্ধন bôndhôn
bondageबन्धन bandhana
বাসমতী bashmôti
Basmati riceवास vāsa
ভাং bhang
Bhangभङ्ग bhangga
খাট khat
cotखट्वा khatvā
ধুতি dhuti
Dhotiधुनोति dhunoti
লুঠ luth
Lootingलुण्टा luṇtā
মায়া maya
Mayaमाया māyā
স্বামী shami
masterस्वामी svāmī
লাখ lakh
Lakhलाक्षम् lākṣam
লক্ষ্মী lôkkhi
Lakshmiलक्ष्मी lakṣmī
লক্ষ্মণ lôkkhôṇ
Lakshmanaलक्ष्मण lakṣmaṇa


Japanese (জাপানি / নিহোঙ্গো Japani / Nihonggo )[edit]

















WordMeaningOriginal form
চা cha
teacha
মাঙ্গা mangga
Mangaマンガ manga
সুনামি sunami
Tsunamiつなみ tsunami
রিক্সা riksha
Rickshaw力車 (jin) rikisha


Dutch (ওলন্দাজ Olôndaj)[edit]























WordMeaningOriginal form
ইস্কাবন iskabôn
ইশকাপন ishkapôn
spadesschoppen
রুইতন ruitôn
diamondsruiten (lit. "rhombi")
হরতন hôrotôn
heartsharten
চিড়িতন "chireton"clubsklaveren (lit. "clovers")
তুরুপ turup
trumptroef
ইস্ক্রুপ iskrup
screwschroef


Portuguese (পর্তুগিজ Pôrtugij)[edit]































































































WordMeaningOriginal form
আলমারি almari
closet, cupboardarmário
ইস্ত্রি istri
ইস্তিরি istiri
to ironestirar
ইস্পাত ispat
steelespada "sword"
কামিজ kamij
shirtcamisa
গামলা gamla
basketgamela "wooden trough"
চাবি chabi
keychave
জানালা janala
windowjanela
তামাক tamak
tobaccotobacco
পেরেক perek
nailprego
ফিতা fita
lace, ribbonfita
বারান্দা baranda
verandahvaranda
বালতি balti
Bucketbalde
বেহালা behala
violaviola
বোতাম botam
buttonbotão
মেজ mej
tablemesa
সাবান saban
soapsabão
কেদারা kedara
chaircadeira
আতা ata
custard appleata
আনারস anarôs
pineappleananás
কাজু kaju
cashewcaju
কপি kôpi
cabbage, cauliflowercouve
পাউ pau
sliced breadpão "bread"
পেঁপে pẽpe
papayapapaia
পেয়ারা peyara
guavapera "pear"
সালাদ salad
saladsalada
ক্রুশ krush
crosscruz
গির্জা girja
churchigreja
যিশু Jishu
JesusJesu
পাদ্রি padri
Catholic priestpadre
ইংরেজ ingrej
Englishinglês


French (ফরাসি Fôrasi)[edit]























WordMeaningOriginal form
আঁশ ãsh
plant fiberasch
ওলন্দাজ olôndaj
Dutchhollandaise
কার্তুজ kartuj
cartridgecartouche
রেস্তোরাঁ restorã
restaurantrestaurant
শেমিজ shemij
chemisechemise "shirt"
পাতি pati
smallpetit


English (ইংরেজি Ingreji)[edit]








































WordOriginal form
অফিস ofish
office
জেল jel
jail
ডাক্তার ḍaktar
doctor
পুলিশ pulish
police
ব্যাংক bank
bank
ভোট bhoṭ
vote
ইস্কুল iskul
স্কুল skul
school
হাস্পাতাল haspatal
hospital
কাপ kapcup
গ্লাস glas
glass
চেয়ার cheyar
chair
টেবিল ṭebil
table
বাক্স baksô
box
লণ্ঠন lônṭhôn
lantern
প্লাস্টিক plāsṭika
plastic
কলেজ (Kalēja
collage
আস্তাবল astabol
stable
সাইকেল caikel
bicycle








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