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Refimprove<br/><br/>[[File:Bharat Mata.jpg|right|thumb|''Bharat Mata'' by [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (1871-1951), a nephew of the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and a pioneer of the movement]]<br/>The '''Bengal School of Art''' commonly referred as '''Bengal School''',<ref name=ngma/> was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in [[Bengal]], primarily [[Kolkata]] and [[Shantiniketan]], and flourished throughout [[India]] during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century. Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with [[Indian nationalism]] ([[swadeshi]]) and led by [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (1871-1951), but was also promoted and supported by British arts administrators like [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E. B. Havell]], the principal of the [[Government College of Art, Kolkata]] from 1896; eventually it led to the development of the [[modern Indian painting]].<ref name=ngma/><ref name=benartmitter>chapter=How the past was salvaged by Swadeshi artists </ref><ref name=benartatlas>accessdate=8 March 2012</ref><br/><br/>Culture of Bengal<br/>The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. Following the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the [[Western world|West]], the British art teacher [[Ernest Binfield Havell]] attempted to reform the teaching methods at the [[Calcutta School of Art]] by encouraging students to imitate [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] miniatures.<ref>publisher=Oxford University Press</ref><ref name="ny">date=August 19, 2008</ref> This caused controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havell was supported by the artist [[Abanindranath Tagore]], a nephew of the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Tagore painted a number of works influenced by [[Mughal painting|Mughal art]], a style that he and Havell believed to be expressive of India's distinct spiritual qualities, as opposed to the "materialism" of the West. Tagore's best-known painting, ''Bharat Mata'' (Mother India), depicted a young woman, portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities, holding objects symbolic of India's national aspirations. Tagore later attempted to develop links with Japanese artists as part of an aspiration to construct a [[pan-Asianism|pan-Asianist]] model of art. Through the paintings of 'Bharat Mata', Abanindranath established the pattern of patriortism. Painters and artists of Bengal school were [[Nandalal Bose]], M.A.R Chughtai, [[Sunayani Devi]] (sister of Abanindranath Tagore), [[Manishi Dey]], [[Mukul Dey]], [[Kalipada Ghoshal]], [[Asit Kumar Haldar]], [[Sudhir Khastgir]], Kshitindranath Majumdar, [[Sughra Rababi]], [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Debi Prasad Roychoudhury]], Bireswar Sen, [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]], Kiron Sinha,TP [[Gaganendranath Tagore]] (Tagore's brother) <br/>MeharThapar and [[Sarada Ukil]].<ref name=ngma>cite web </ref><br/><br/>The Bengal school's influence in India declined with the spread of [[modernist]] ideas in the 1920s. As of, there has been a surge in interest in the Bengal school of art among scholars and connoisseurs.<ref name=benarttoi>newspaper=Times of India</ref><br/><br/>==Legacy==<br/>However, Bengal continues to produce some of the best artists of modern India. There is a department in the Government College Of Art & Craft that has been training students the traditional style of tempera and wash painting for almost a century now. These students are carrying the legacy of the Bengal School artists, who, initially, were a group of artists, following Abanindranath's style and sharing his aesthetic vision. Among them, Dhirendranath Brahma is the living legend of the Bengal School of Art. He is a master of calligraphy and has innumerable students who are carrying on the tradition of Bengal School of painting. Among the other renowned artists of this style of painting are Ajoy Ghosh, Sankarlal Aich, Amal Chaklader, Narendranath De Sarkar, Sukti Subhra Pradhan & Ratan Acharya. <br/>Some of the best known artists of present-day Bengal are [[Jogen Chowdhury]], [[Mrinal Kanti Das]], [[Gopal Sanyal]], [[Ganesh Pyne]], [[Manishi Dey]], [[Shanu Lahiri]], Ganesh Haloi <ref name=Telegraph>url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130202/jsp/calcutta/story_16510654.jsp#.UUISlTeEnuo</ref> [[Jahar Dasgupta]], Samir Aich, [[Bikash Bhattacharjee]], Sudip Roy, Ramananda Bandopadhyay and [[Devajyoti Ray]].<br/>Sanat Chatterjee is one of the last living pioneers of Bengal School of art. He studied under Asit Kumar Haldar for around fifteen years.<br/><br/>==R. Siva Kumar's disagreement ==<br/>Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism<br/>[[R. Siva Kumar]], who has been studying the work of the Santiniketan masters and their approach to art since the early 80s, refutes the practice of subsuming [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Ram Kinker Baij]] and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]] under the '''Bengal School of Art'''. According to Siva Kumar, 'This happened because early writers were guided by genealogies of apprenticeship rather than their styles, worldviews, and perspectives on art practice'.<ref>http://humanitiesunderground.org/all-the-shared-experiences-of-the-lived-world-ii/</ref><br/><br/>His ideas on this issue are formulated in the catalogue essay of the exhibition [[Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism]].<br/><br/>==See also==<br/>*[[Contextual Modernism]]<br/>*[[Modern Indian painting]]<br/>*[[Indian Fine art]]<br/>*[[Progressive Artists' Group]]<br/>*[[Tanjore painting]]<br/>*[[Rajput painting]]<br/>*[[Madhubani painting]]<br/>*[[New Indian Art]]<br/><br/>==Further reading==<br/>* publisher=John Murray, London<br/>* year=1997 (see index: p.&nbsp;148-152)<br/><br/>==References==<br/>Reflist<br/>* isbn= 1856693775<br/><br/>==External links==<br/>commons category<br/>*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514041047/http://www.21stcenturyindianart.com/index.htm Anthology of Indian Art]<br/>*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070429114734/http://www.artgalleries.co.in/ Art Galleries in India]<br/>*[http://www.chitralekha.org/indianart.htm Which Way Indian Art? by Mukul Dey]<br/>*[http://www.chitralekha.org/sarada.htm Profile of a Pioneer: Sarada Ukil by Satyasri Ukil]<br/>*[http://www.chitralekha.org/kokka.htm Kokka and the Early Neo-Bengal School Masters]<br/>*[All issues of 'Nandan' art magazine, published from the Dept of Art History, Kala Bhavana, Santiniketan, Viswabharati University, West Bengal]<br/><br/>Bengal Renaissance<br/>Westernart<br/><br/>[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]<br/>[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]<br/>[[Category:Art movements]]<br/>[[Category:Modern art]]<br/>

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