Flint, Michigan
City
City of Flint
Top: Skyline as seen from the Flint River. Middle: GM Powertrain, Longway Planetarium. Bottom: Former site of Buick City, South Saginaw St., Citizens Bank Weatherball.
Seal
Nickname(s): Vehicle City (official) Flint Town (unofficial)
Motto(s): "Strong, Proud"[1]
Location of Flint within Genesee County, Michigan
Coordinates: 43°0′36″N 83°41′24″W / 43.01000°N 83.69000°W / 43.01000; -83.69000Coordinates: 43°0′36″N 83°41′24″W / 43.01000°N 83.69000°W / 43.01000; -83.69000
Country	United States
State	Michigan
County	Genesee
Settled	1819
Incorporation	1855
Government
• Type	Strong Mayor–Council
• Body	Flint City Council Receivership Transition Advisory Board
• Mayor	Karen Weaver
• Flint City Council	Council Members Eric Mays, 1st Ward Maurice Davis, 2nd Ward Santino Guerra, 3rd Ward Kate Fields, 4th Ward Jerry Winfrey-Carter, 5th Ward Herbert Winfrey, 6th Ward Monica Galloway, 7th Ward Alan Griggs, 8th Ward Eva Worthing, 9th Ward[2]
Area[3]
• City	34.06 sq mi (88.21 km2)
• Land	33.42 sq mi (86.56 km2)
• Water	1.66 sq mi (4.3 km2)  0.64%
Elevation	751 ft (229 m)
Population (2010)[4]
• City	102,434
• Estimate (2017)[5]	96,448
• Rank	US: 297th
• Density	3,000/sq mi (1,200/km2)
• Urban	356,218 (US: 106th)
• Metro	415,376 (US: 126th)
Demonym(s)	Flintstone[6]
Time zone	UTC-5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code	48501-48507, 48532
Area code(s)	810
FIPS code	26-29000
GNIS feature ID	0626170[7]
Website	www.cityofflint.com

Flint is the largest city and seat of Genesee County, Michigan, United States. Located along the Flint River, 66 miles (106 km) northwest of Detroit, it is a principal city within the region known as Mid Michigan.^[8][9] According to the 2010 census, Flint has a population of 102,434, making it the seventh largest city in Michigan. The Flint metropolitan area is located entirely within Genesee County. It is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Michigan with a population of 425,790 in 2010.^[10] The city was incorporated in 1855.

Flint was founded as a village by fur trader Jacob Smith in 1819 and became a major lumbering area on the historic Saginaw Trail during the 19th century. From the late 19th century to the mid 20th century, the city was a leading manufacturer of carriages and later automobiles, earning it the nickname "Vehicle City". General Motors (GM) was founded in Flint in 1908, and the city grew into an automobile manufacturing powerhouse for GM's Buick and Chevrolet divisions after World War II up until the early 1980s recession. Flint was also the home of the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936–37 that played a vital role in the formation of the United Auto Workers.

Since the late 1960s, Flint has faced several crises. The city sank into a deep economic depression after GM significantly downsized its workforce in the area from a 1978 high of 80,000 to under 8,000 by 2010. From 1960 to 2010, the population of the city nearly halved from 196,940 to 102,434. In the mid-2000s, Flint became known for its high crime rates and has repeatedly been ranked among the most dangerous cities in the United States.^[11] The city was under a state of financial emergency from 2002–2004 and again from 2011–2015.^[12][13] Since 2014, the city has faced a major public health emergency due to lead contamination in the local water supply that has affected thousands of residents, as well as an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease due to tainted water.^[14][15]

History[edit]

The Saginaw Valley, particularly the vicinity of Flint, is considered by some to be the oldest continually inhabited area of Michigan.^{[citation needed]} Regardless of the validity of this claim, the region was home to several Ojibwa tribes at the start of the 19th century, with a particularly significant community established near present-day Montrose. The Flint River had several convenient fords which became points of contention among rival tribes, as attested by the presence of arrowheads and burial mounds near it. Some of the city currently resides atop ancient Ojibwa burial grounds.^[16]

19th century: lumber and the beginnings of the automobile industry[edit]

In 1819, Jacob Smith, a fur trader on cordial terms with both the local Ojibwas and the territorial government founded a trading post at the Grand Traverse of the Flint River. On several occasions, Smith negotiated land exchanges with the Ojibwas on behalf of the U.S. government, and he was highly regarded on both sides. Smith apportioned many of his holdings to his children. As the ideal stopover on the overland route between Detroit and Saginaw, Flint grew into a small but prosperous village, and incorporated in 1855. The 1860 U.S. census indicated that Genesee County had a population of 22,498 of Michigan's 750,000.

In the latter half of the 19th century, Flint became a center of the Michigan lumber industry. Revenue from lumber funded the establishment of a local carriage-making industry. As horse-drawn carriages gave way to the automobiles, Flint then naturally grew into a major player in the nascent auto industry. Buick Motor Company, after a rudimentary start in Detroit, soon moved to Flint. AC Spark Plug (now part of Delphi) originated in Flint. These were followed by several now-defunct automobile marques such as the Dort, Little, Flint, and Mason brands. Chevrolet's first (and for many years, main) manufacturing facility was also in Flint, although the Chevrolet headquarters were in Detroit. For a brief period, all Chevrolets and Buicks were built in Flint.

Early and mid-20th century: the auto industry takes shape[edit]

In 1904, local entrepreneur William C. Durant was brought in to manage Buick, which became the largest manufacturer of automobiles by 1908. In 1908, Durant founded General Motors, filing incorporation papers in New Jersey, with headquarters in Flint. GM moved its headquarters to Detroit in the mid-1920s.^[17] Durant lost control of GM twice during his lifetime. On the first occasion, he befriended Louis Chevrolet and founded Chevrolet, which was a runaway success. He used the capital from this success to buy back share control. He later lost decisive control again, permanently. Durant experienced financial ruin in the stock market crash of 1929 and subsequently ran a bowling alley in Flint until the time of his death in 1947.

The city's mayors were targeted for recall twice, Mayor David Cuthbertson in 1924 and Mayor William H. McKeighan in 1927. Recall supporters in both cases were jailed by the police. Cuthbertson had angered the KKK by the appointment of a Catholic police chief. The KKK lead the recall effort and supported Judson Transue, Cutbertson's elected successor. Transue however did not remove the police chief. McKeighan survived his recall only to face conspiracy charges in 1928.^[18] McKeighan was under investigation for a multitude of crimes and ticked off the rest of the city leaders that they pushed for changes in the city charter.^[19]

In 1928, the city adopted a new city charter with a council-manager form of government. So, McKeighan ran the "Green Slate" of candidates who won in 1931 and 1932 that he was select as mayor in 1931.^[19] In 1935, the city residents approved a charter amendment establishing the Civil Service Commission.^[20]

For the last century, Flint's history has been dominated by both the auto industry and car culture. During the Sit-Down Strike of 1936–1937, the fledgling United Automobile Workers triumphed over General Motors, inaugurating the era of labor unions. The successful mediation of the strike by Governor Frank Murphy, culminating in a one-page agreement recognizing the Union, began an era of successful organizing by the UAW.^[21] The city was a major contributor of tanks and other war machines during World War II due to its extensive manufacturing facilities. For decades, Flint remained politically significant as a major population center as well as for its importance to the automotive industry.

A freighter named after the city, the SS City of Flint was the first US ship to be captured during the Second World War in October, 1939. The vessel was later sunk in 1943.^[22]

The city's population peaked in 1960 at almost 200,000, at which time it was the second largest city in the state. The decades of the 1950s and 1960s are seen as the height of Flint's prosperity and influence. They culminated with the establishment of many local institutions, most notably including the Flint Cultural Center.^[23] This landmark remains one of the city's chief commercial and artistic draws to this day. On June 8, 1953, The 1953 Flint-Beecher tornado, a large F5 Tornado, struck the city, killing 116 people.

Late 20th century: deindustrialization and demographic changes[edit]

Since the late 1960s through the end of the 20th century, Flint has suffered from disinvestment, deindustrialization, depopulation, urban decay, as well as high rates of crime, unemployment and poverty. Initially, this took the form of "white flight" that afflicted many urban industrialized American towns and cities. Given Flint's role in the automotive industry, this decline was exacerbated by the 1973 oil crisis and the U.S. auto industry's subsequent loss of market share to imports.

In the 1980s, the rate of deindustrialization accelerated again with local GM employment falling from a 1978 high of 80,000 to under 8,000 by 2010. Only 10% of the manufacturing work force from its height remains in Flint. Many factors have been blamed, including outsourcing, offshoring, increased automation, and moving jobs to non-union facilities.

This decline was highlighted in the film Roger & Me by Michael Moore (the title refers to Roger B. Smith, the CEO of General Motors during the 1980s). Also highlighted in Moore's documentary was the failure of city officials to reverse the trends with entertainment options (e.g. the now-demolished AutoWorld) during the 1980s. Moore, a native of Davison (a Flint suburb), revisited Flint in his later movies, including Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 9/11.

The demolition site of Buick City, for many years General Motors' flagship factory on the North side.

21st century[edit]

First financial emergency: 2002–2004[edit]

By 2002, Flint had accrued $30 million in debt.^[24]

On March 5, 2002, the city's voters recalled Mayor Woodrow Stanley. On May 22, Governor John Engler declared a financial emergency in Flint, and on July 8 the state of Michigan appointed an emergency financial manager,^[25] Ed Kurtz. The emergency financial manager displaced the temporary mayor, Darnell Earley, in the city administrator position.

In August 2002, city voters elected former Mayor James Rutherford to finish the remainder of Stanley's term of office. On September 24, Kurtz commissioned a salary and wage study for top city officials from an outside accounting and consulting firm. The financial manager then installed a new code enforcement program for annual rental inspections and emergency demolitions. On October 8, Kurtz ordered cuts in pay for the mayor (from $107,000 to $24,000) and the City Council members (from $23,000 to $18,000). He also eliminated insurance benefits for most officials. After spending $245,000 fighting the takeover, the City Council ended the lawsuits on October 14. Immediately thereafter on October 16, a new interim financial plan was put in place by the manager. This plan initiated controls on hiring, overnight travel and spending by city employees. On November 12, Kurtz directed the city's retirement board to stop unusual pension benefits, which had decreased some retiree pensions by 3.5%. Kurtz sought the return of overpayments to the pension fund. However, in December, the state attorney general stated that Emergency Financial Managers do not have authority over the retirement system. With contract talks stalled, Kurtz stated that there either need to be cuts or layoffs to union employees. That same month, the city's recreation centers were temporarily closed.^[24]

Emergency measures continued in 2003. In May, Kurtz increased water and sewer bills by 11% and shut down operations of the ombudsman's office. In September 2003, a 4% pay cut was agreed to by the city's largest union. In October, Kurtz moved in favor of infrastructure improvements, authorizing $1 million in sewer and road projects. Don Williamson was elected a full-term mayor and sworn in on November 10. In December, city audits reported nearly $14 million in reductions in the city deficit. For the 2003–2004 budget year, estimates decreased that amount to between $6 million and $8 million.^[24]

With pressure from Kurtz for large layoffs and replacement of the board on February 17, 2004, the City Retirement Board agreed to four proposals reducing the amount of the city's contribution into the system. On March 24, Kurtz indicated that he would raise the City Council's and the Mayor's pay and in May, Kurtz laid off 10 workers as part of 35 job cuts for the 2004–05 budget. In June 2004, Kurtz reported that the financial emergency was over.^[24] Of the nearly 80,000 people that worked for General Motors in Flint during its peak years in the late 1970s, only about 8,000 were left after the most recent 2006 buyouts.

Redevelopment[edit]

Renovated First National Bank building in downtown Flint.

In November 2013, American Cast Iron Pipe Company (ACIPCO), a Birmingham, Alabama based company, became the first to build a production facility in Flint's former Buick City site purchasing the property from the RACER Trust.^[26]

Commercially, local organizations have attempted to pool their resources in the central business district and to expand and bolster higher education at four local institutions. Examples of their efforts include the following:

• Landmarks such as the First National Bank building have been extensively renovated, often to create lofts or office space, and filming for the Will Ferrell movie Semi-Pro resulted in renovations to the Capitol Theatre.


• 
  The Paterson Building at Saginaw and Third street has been owned by the Collison Family, Thomas W. Collison & Co., Inc., for the last 30 years. The building is rich in Art Deco throughout the interior and exterior. The building also houses its own garage in the lower level, providing heated valet parking to The Paterson Building Tenants.

The Paterson Building, 653 S. Saginaw St. Flint MI

• In 2004 the first planned residential community in Flint in over 30 years, University Park was built north of Fifth Avenue off Saginaw Street, Flint's main thoroughfare.


• Local foundations have also funded the renovation and redecoration of Saginaw Street, and have begun work turning University Avenue (formerly known as Third Avenue) into a mile-long "University Corridor" connecting University of Michigan–Flint with Kettering University.


• 
  Atwood Stadium, located on University Avenue, has already received extensive renovations and the Cultivating Our Community project is landscaping 16 different locations from in Flint as a part of a $415,600 beautification project.


• Wade Trim and Rowe Incorporated have made major renovations to transform empty downtown Flint blocks into business, entertainment, and housing centers.^[27] WNEM, a local television station, has signed a ten-year lease on space in the Wade Trim building facing Saginaw Street.^[28]


• The long-vacant Durant Hotel, formerly owned by the United Hotels Company,^[29] was turned into a mixture of commercial space and apartments intended to attract young professionals or college students, with 93 units.^{[citation needed]}


• In March 2008, the Crim Race Foundation put up an offer to buy the vacant Character Inn and turn it into a fitness center and do a multimillion-dollar renovation.^[30]

Similar to a plan in Detroit, Flint is in the process of tearing down thousands of abandoned homes in order to create available real estate. As of June 2009, approximately 1,100 homes have been demolished in Flint, with one official estimating another 3,000 more will have to be torn down.^[31]

Second financial emergency: 2011–present[edit]

On September 30, 2011, Governor Rick Snyder appointed an eight-member review team to review Flint's financial state with a request to report back in 30 days (half the legal time for a review).^[32] On November 8, 2011, Mayor Dayne Walling defeated challenger Darryl Buchanan 8,819 votes (56%) to 6,868 votes (44%).^[33] That same day, the Michigan State review panel declared the City of Flint to be in the state of a "local government financial emergency" recommending the state again appoint an Emergency Manager.^[34] On November 14, the City Council voted 7 to 2 to not appeal the state review with Mayor Walling concurring the next day.^[35] Governor Snyder appointed Michael Brown as the city's Emergency Manager on November 29, effective December 1.^[36] On December 2, Brown dismissed a number of top administrators including City Administrator Gregory Eason, Human Resources Director Donna Poplar, Citizen Services Director Rhoda Woods, Green City Coordinator Steve Montle and independent officials including Ombudswoman Brenda Purifoy and Civil Service Commission Director Ed Parker. Pay and benefits from Flint's elected officials were automatically removed.^[37] On December 8, the office of Ombudsman and the Civil Service Commission were eliminated by Brown.^[35]

On January 16, 2012, protestors against the emergency manager law including Flint residents marched near the governor's home. The next day, Brown filed a financial and operating plan with the state as mandated by law. The next month, each ward in the city had a community engagement meeting hosted by Brown. Governor Snyder on March 7 made a statewide public safety message from Flint City Hall that included help for Flint with plans for reopening the Flint lockup and increasing state police patrols in Flint.^[35]

On March 20, 2012, days after a lawsuit was filed by labor union AFSCME, and a restraining order was issued against Brown, his appointment was found to be in violation of the Michigan Open Meetings Act and Mayor Walling and the City Council had their powers returned.^[38] The state immediately filed an emergency appeal, claiming the financial emergency still existed.^[39] On March 26, the appeal was granted, putting Brown back in power.^[40] Brown and several unions agreed to new contract terms in April.^[35] Brown unveiled his fiscal year 2013 budget on April 23. It included cuts in nearly every department including police and fire, as well as higher taxes.^[41] An Obsolete Property Rehabilitation District was created by Manager Brown in June 2012 for 11 downtown Flint properties. On July 19, the city pension system was transferred to the Municipal Employees Retirement System by the city's retirement board which led to a legal challenge.^[35]

On August 3, 2012, the Michigan Supreme Court ordered the state Board of Canvassers to certify a referendum on Public Act 4, the Emergency Manager Law, for the November ballot. Brown made several actions on August 7 including placing a $6 million public safety millage on the ballot and sold Genesee Towers to a development group for $1 to demolish the structure. The board certified the referendum petition on August 8, returning the previous Emergency Financial Manager Law into effect. With Brown previously temporary mayor for the last few years, he was ineligible to be the Emergency Financial Manager. Ed Kurtz was once again appointed Emergency Financial Manager by the Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board.^[35]

Two lawsuits were filed in September 2012, one by the city council against Kurtz's appointment, while another was against the state in Ingham County Circuit Court claiming the old emergency financial manager law remains repealed.^[35] On November 30, State Treasurer Andy Dillon announced the financial emergency is still ongoing, and the emergency manager is still needed.^[42]

Michael Brown was re-appointed Emergency Manager on June 26, 2013, and returned to work on July 8.^[43] Flint had an $11.3 million projected deficit when Brown started as emergency manager in 2011. The city faces a $19.1 million combined deficit from 2012, with plans to borrow $12 million to cover part of it.^[12] Brown resigned from his position in early September 2013, and his last day was October 31. He was succeeded by Saginaw city manager (and former Flint temporary mayor) Darnell Earley.^[44]

Earley formed a blue ribbon committee on governance with 23 members on January 16, 2014 to review city operations and consider possible charter amendments.^[45] The blue ribbon committee recommend that the city move to a council-manager government.^[46] Six charter amendment proposals were placed on the November 4, 2014 ballot with the charter review commission proposal passing along with reduction of mayoral staff appointments and budgetary best practices amendments. Proposals four through six, which would eliminate (4) requirement for certain executive departments, (5) the Civil Service Commission and (6) Ombudsman office were defeated.^[47] Flint elected a nine-member Charter Review Commission on May 5, 2015.^[48]

With Earley appointed to be emergency manager for Detroit Public Schools on January 13, 2015, city financial adviser Jerry Ambrose was selected to finish out the financial emergency with an expected exit in April.^[49] On April 30, 2015, the state moved the city from under an emergency manager receivership to a Receivership Transition Advisory Board.^[50]

On November 3, 2015, Flint residents elected Karen Weaver as their first female mayor.^[51]

On January 22, 2016, the Receivership Transition Advisory Board unanimously voted to return some powers, including appointment authority, to the mayor.^[52]

Water state of emergency[edit]

In April 2014, Flint switched its water supply from Lake Huron (via Detroit) to the Flint River.^[53] The problem was compounded with the fact that anticorrosive measures were not implemented. After two independent studies, lead poisoning caused by the water was found in the area's population.^[54][55] This has led to several lawsuits, the resignation of several officials, thirteen criminal indictments, and a federal public health state of emergency for all of Genesee County.^{[56][57][58][59]}

Geography[edit]

Downtown Flint looking northwest, taken from a now-demolished skyscraper, the Genesee Towers. The downtown core has seen some improvement in recent years due to an influx of younger people, college students, and new restaurants and bars.

Flint lies in the Flint/Tri-Cities region of Michigan. Flint and Genesee County can be categorized as a subregion of Flint/Tri-Cities. It is located along the Flint River, which flows through Lapeer, Genesee, and Saginaw counties and is 78.3 mi (126.0 km) long.^[60]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.06 square miles (88.21 km²), of which, 33.42 square miles (86.56 km²) is land and 0.64 square miles (1.66 km²) is water.^[3] Flint lies just to the northeast of the Flint hills. The terrain is low and rolling along the south and east sides, and flatter to the northwest.

Neighborhoods[edit]

Flint has several neighborhoods grouped around the center of the city on the four cardinal "sides". The downtown business district is centered on Saginaw Street south of the Flint River. Just west, on opposite sides of the river, are Carriage Town (north) and the Grand Traverse Street District (south). Both neighborhoods boast strong neighborhood associations. These neighborhoods were the center of manufacturing for and profits from the nation's carriage industry until the 1920s, and to this day are the site of many well-preserved Victorian homes and the setting of Atwood Stadium.

The University Avenue corridor of Carriage Town is home to the largest concentration of "Greek" housing in the area, with fraternity houses from both Kettering University, and the University of Michigan Flint. Chapter houses include Phi Delta Theta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Delta Chi, Theta Chi, Lambda Chi Alpha, Theta Xi, Alpha Phi Alpha, Phi Gamma Delta, and Delta Tau Delta Fraternities.

Just north of downtown is River Village, an example of gentrification via mixed-income public housing. To the east of I-475 is Central Park and Fairfield Village. These are the only two neighborhoods between UM-Flint and Mott Community College and enjoy strong neighborhood associations. Central Park piloted a project to convert street lights to LED and is defined by seven culs-de-sacs.

Hall's Flats on the West Side is one of Flint's many neighborhoods.

The North Side and 5th Ward are predominantly African American, with such historic districts as Buick City and Civic Park on the north, and Sugar Hill, Floral Park, and Kent and Elm Parks on the south. Many of these neighborhoods were the original centers of early Michigan blues. The South Side in particular was also a center for multi-racial migration from Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Deep South since World War II. These neighborhoods are most often lower income, but have maintained some level of economic stratification. The East Side is the site of the Applewood Mott Estate, and Mott Community College, the Cultural Center, and East Village, one of Flint's more prosperous areas.

Just north is Eastside Proper, also known as the "State Streets",^{[citation needed]} and has much of Flint's Hispanic community.^[61]
The West Side includes the main site of the 1936–37 sitdown strike, the Mott Park neighborhood, Kettering University, and the historic Woodcroft Estates, owned in the past by legendary automotive executives and current home to prominent and historic Flint families such as the Motts, the Manleys, and the Smiths.

Facilities associated with General Motors in the past and present are scattered throughout the city, including GM Truck and Bus, Flint Metal Center and Powertrain South (clustered together on the city's southwestern corner); Powertrain North, Flint Tool and Die and Delphi East. The largest plant, Buick City and adjacent facilities, have been demolished.

The now-demolished Genesee Towers (left), and Mott Foundation Building (right). The Flint Journal's former headquarters (now used by the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine) is to the far left.

Half of Flint's fourteen tallest buildings were built during the 1920s. The 19-story Genesee Towers, formerly the city's tallest building, was completed in 1968.^[62] The building became unused in later years and fell into severe disrepair: a cautionary sign warning of falling debris was put on the sidewalk in front of it. An investment company purchased the building for $1, and it was demolished (by implosion) on December 22, 2013.

Climate[edit]

Typical of southeastern Michigan, Flint has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), and is part of USDA Hardiness zone 6a.^[63] Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 52 days annually, while dropping to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below on an average 9.3 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 9.0 days.^[64] The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 22.4 °F (−5.3 °C) in January to 70.5 °F (21.4 °C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 108 °F (42 °C) on July 8 and 13, 1936 down to −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 18, 1976 and February 20, 2015; the record low maximum is −4 °F (−20 °C) on January 18, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 79 °F (26 °C) on July 18, 1942.^[64] Decades may pass between readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 8 thru May 7, allowing a growing season of 153 days.^[64] On June 8, 1953, Flint was hit by an F5 tornado, which claimed 116 lives.^[65]

Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly-distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months average more, averaging 31.4 inches (800 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 18.08 in (459 mm) in 1963 to 45.38 in (1,153 mm) in 1975.^[64] Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 12 through April 9 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May),^[64] averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 16.0 in (41 cm) in 1944–45 to 83.9 in (213 cm) in 2013–14.^[64] A snow depth of 1 in (2.5 cm) or more occurs on an average 64 days, with 53 days from December to February.^[66]

Demographics[edit]

2000 census[edit]

As of the 2000 census, there were 124,943 people, 48,744 households, and 30,270 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,714.9 per square mile (1,434.5/km²). There were 55,464 housing units at an average density of 1,649.1 per square mile (636.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 53.3% Black or African American, 41.4% White, 0.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. 3.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 7.2% were of German and 5.6% American ancestry. 96.0% spoke English and 2.5% Spanish as their first language.

There were 48,744 households out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.0% were married couples living together, 27.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 30.6% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,015, and the median income for a family was $31,424. Males had a median income of $34,009 versus $24,237 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,733. About 22.9% of families and 26.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.4% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census[edit]

As of the census^[4] of 2010, there were 102,434 people, 40,472 households, and 23,949 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,065.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,183.4/km²). There were 51,321 housing units at an average density of 1,535.6 per square mile (592.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 56.6% African American, 37.4% White, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.^[70]Non-Hispanic Whites were 35.7% of the population in 2010,^[70] compared to 70.1% in 1970.^[71]

There were 40,472 households of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.1% were married couples living together, 29.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.13.

The median age in the city was 33.6 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.

Ethnic minorities[edit]

In 2016, Niraj Warikoo of the Detroit Free Press stated that area community leaders stated that the Hispanic and Latino people made up close to 6% of the city population even though the U.S. Census counted it as 4%. As of 2016, the city has 142 Arab American families.^[61]

According to the most recent data from the U.S. Census Bureau, slightly over 1% of Flint's population was born outside the U.S., and over three-quarters of that foreign-born population have become naturalized citizens.^[72]

Sports[edit]

American football[edit]

There is semi-pro football at Atwood Stadium with the Flint Fury. Atwood is an 11,000+ seat stadium in downtown Flint which has hosted many events, including baseball. When artificial turf was installed, it was no longer able to host baseball games.^[why?] The Flint Fury have been in action since 2003, and are currently a part of the Great Lakes Football League. The team was founded by two of its players; Charles Lawler and Prince Goodson, who both played for the defunct Flint Falcons semi-pro team. The team is now solely owned by Lawler.

The 2009 Heisman Trophy winner Mark Ingram, born and raised in Grand Blanc, attended his final year of high school at Flint Southwestern Academy. He won the Heisman with 1304 total votes. Ingram attended the University of Alabama and is their first Heisman winner. He was a member of the National Champion 2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football team.

Basketball[edit]

Many Flint natives have played basketball in the National Basketball Association (NBA), NCAA Division 1 or European professional basketball. Glen Rice and Eddie Robinson both hail from Flint,^[76] as do Morris Peterson, Mateen Cleaves, and Charlie Bell (four of the five starters from Michigan State University's "Flintstones" 2000 National Championship team).

Local teacher and independent film maker Marcus Davenport chronicles Flint's ties to basketball and the basketball culture in his documentary Flint Star: The Motion Picture.^[77][78]Will Ferrell's 2008 movie Semi-Pro is based on the fictional basketball team the "Flint Tropics".^[79]

Ice hockey[edit]

On January 14, 2015, the Ontario Hockey League's Plymouth Whalers were relocated to Flint after a sale of the team to the owner of Perani Arena for the 2015–16 season.^[80] The team changed its name to the Flint Firebirds.

Other sports[edit]

Flint is twinned with Hamilton, Ontario, and its amateur athletes compete in the CANUSA Games, held alternatively there and here since 1957.

Former sports teams[edit]

Government[edit]

The city levies an income tax of 1 percent on residents and 0.5 percent on nonresidents.^[81] The city has a strong mayor-council form of government.

The city is currently in a financial receivership having ended the financial emergency on April 30, 2015, that saw the city under an Emergency Manager as the State of Michigan has declared a state of local government financial emergency.^[50] The Receivership Transition Advisory Board has the authority to override council decisions in financial matters.^[82]

The city has operated under at least four charters (1855,^[83] 1888,^[84] 1929, 1974).^[85] The 1974 Charter is the city's current charter that gives the city a strong mayor form of government. It also instituted the appointed independent office of Ombudsman, while the city clerk is solely appointed by the city council. The city council is composed of members elected from the city's nine wards.^[85] A Charter Review Commission is currently impaneled to review the charter for a complete overhaul.^[48]

Law enforcement[edit]

Law enforcement in Flint is the responsibility of the Flint Police Department, the Genesee County Sheriff's Office, and the Michigan State Police.

Flint has been consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States by multiple sources.^{[86][87][88][89]} From 2007 to 2009, violent crime in Flint was ranked in the top five among U.S. cities with a population of at least 50,000 people.^[90] From 2010 to 2012, Flint ranked as the city with the highest violent crime rate among cities with over 100,000 population.^[91] In 2015, CQ Press (using FBI statistics) ranked the crime index for Flint as 7th-highest in cities with population greater than 75,000.^[92]

On September 24, 2018, the FBI reported Flint was ranked as America's sixth most violent city among those with population of 50,000 or more in 2017. Violent crimes were up 23% compared to 2016 according to the report.^[93]

Politics[edit]

Most politicians are affiliated with the Democratic party despite the city's elections being nonpartisan.^[85] In 2006, Flint was the 10th most liberal city in the United States, according to a nationwide study by the non-partisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research which examined the voting patterns of 237 cities with a population over 100,000. Flint placed just after San Francisco (9) and before Seattle (16) and New York City (21).^[94]

Education[edit]

Colleges and universities[edit]

• The University of Michigan–Flint is one of three campuses in the University of Michigan system.


• 
  Kettering University is a four-year Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) university in Flint.


• 
  Mott Community College's flagship campus is located in Flint.


• The Michigan State University College of Human Medicine has a downtown campus located in the former Flint Journal building.


• The Flint area is also served by Baker College's flagship campus, as well as satellite campuses of Davenport University and Spring Arbor University, all in suburban Flint Township.

Primary and secondary schools[edit]

Public K-12 education is provided under the umbrella of the Flint Community Schools. Students attend 11 elementary schools, and two high schools, which accommodate grades 7–12 (Flint Northwestern High School and Flint Southwestern Academy). The city's original high school, Flint Central High School, was closed in 2009 due to a budget deficit and a lack of maintenance on the building by the Flint School District. The building, however, still stands. Flint Northern High School was converted to an alternative education school at the start of the 2013–14 school year, and was closed later in 2014. The best school still open in Flint is Southwestern Academy that is why they are the last ones standing.^[95]

The state-run Michigan School for the Deaf^[96] is located in Flint.

The Catholic high school is Fr. Luke M. Powers Catholic High School which is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing and serves the entire county. The school moved from its location just north of Flint in Mt. Morris Township in 2013 into the former Michigan School for the Deaf building off of Miller Road in Flint, which received a $22 million renovation.^[97]

The Valley School is a small private K-12 school. Flint also has several charter schools.

Libraries[edit]

The Flint Public Library holds 454,645 books, 22,355 audio materials, 9,453 video materials, and 2,496 serial subscriptions.

Media[edit]

Print[edit]

The county's largest newspaper is The Flint Journal, which dates back to 1876. effective June 2009 the paper ceased to be a daily publication, opting to publish on Thursdays, Fridays and Sundays. The move made Genesee County the largest county in the United States without a daily newspaper. The Flint Journal began publishing a Tuesday edition in March 2010.^[98]The East Village Magazine is a non-profit news magazine providing information about neighborhood issues since 1976. The monthly magazine centers on the East Village neighborhood, outside downtown Flint, but is distributed throughout the city. The Uncommon Sense was a recent publication featuring critical journalism, satirical cartoons, and articles on music and nightlife, but it ceased publishing in 2007. In January 2009, Broadside^[99] became the current independent newspaper, exclusively available in print. In early 2009 Flint Comix & Entertainment began circulating around college campuses, and local businesses. This monthly publication features local and nationally recognized comic artists, as well as editorials, and other news.

Two quarterly magazines have appeared in recent years: Innovative Health Magazine^[100] and Downtown Flint Revival Magazine.^[101] Debuting in 2008, Innovative Health highlights the medical advancements, health services and lifestyles happening in and around Genesee County, while Downtown Flint Revival reports on new developments, building renovations and the many businesses in the Downtown area. A new monthly magazine which began publishing in June 2013 is known as My City Magazine which highlights events, arts and culture in Genesee County.^[102]

University publications include University of Michigan–Flint's student newspaper The Michigan Times, Kettering University's The Technician and the MCC Chronicle, formerly the MCC Post, which is a monthly magazine from Mott Community College.

Television[edit]

WJRT-TV (ABC), formerly one of ten ABC owned-and-operated stations, is currently the only area station to operate from Flint. WSMH (Fox) is licensed to Flint, but its programming originates from outside of Flint proper (the suburb Mt. Morris Township), WEYI (NBC), licensed to Saginaw, and WBSF (The CW), licensed to Bay City, share studios with WSMH. Other stations outside the Flint area that serve the area include Saginaw-based WNEM-TV (CBS) (which has a news bureau in Downtown Flint), Delta College's WDCQ-TV (PBS), and Saginaw's WAQP (TCT).

Radio[edit]

The Flint radio market has a rich history. WAMM-AM 1420 (started in 1955, now gospel station WFLT) on the city's eastside was one of the first stations in the country to program to the black community and was also where legendary DJ Casey Kasem had his first radio job.^[103]

WTAC-AM 600 (now religious station WSNL) was a highly rated and influential Top 40 station in the 1960s and 1970s, showcasing Michigan artists and being the first in the U.S. to play acts like The Who and AC/DC. WTAC changed its format to country music in 1980 and then became a pioneering contemporary Christian music station a few years later; the calls are now on 89.7 FM, a member of the "Smile FM" network. WTRX-AM 1330 also played Top 40 music for a time in the 1960s and '70s.

The city's very first radio station, AM 910 WFDF, first went on the air in 1922. It has since relocated south into the Detroit market, changing its city of license to Farmington Hills and increasing its power to 50,000 watts.

In 1985, WWCK-FM 105.5 became the highest-rated rock station in America.^{[citation needed]} The station (whose calls were derived from those of Windsor, Ontario's legendary CKLW) continued as a market leader after changing its format to CHR, which it has remained since, in 1989.

AM[edit]

• 600 WSNL – Flint (Religious, Victory 600, Christian Broadcasting System)


• 1160 WCXI – Fenton (Oldies, Birach Broadcasting)


• 1330 WTRX – Flint (Sports, Sports Xtra 1330, Cumulus Media)


• 1420 WFLT – Flint (Urban Gospel, Flint Evangelical Broadcasting Association)


• 1470 WFNT – Flint (Adult Standards/Oldies, Unforgettable 1470, Townsquare Media)


• 1570 WWCK – Flint (Talk, SuperTalk 1570, Cumulus Media)

FM[edit]

• 88.9 WAKL – Flint (Contemporary Christian, Educational Media Foundation; K-Love network affiliate)


• 89.7 WTAC – Burton-Flint (Contemporary Christian, Superior Communications; "Smile FM" network affiliate)


• 91.1 WFUM – Flint (Public Radio, Michigan Radio, University of Michigan-Flint; simulcast of WUOM Ann Arbor)


• 92.1 WFOV-LP - Flint ("Our Voices Radio: Music, original talk shows and local public affairs programming, licensed to Flint Odyssey House, Inc.)


• 92.7 WDZZ – Flint (Urban Adult Contemporary, Z92.7, Cumulus Media)


• 93.7 WRCL – Frankenmuth (Rhythmic CHR, Club 93-7, Townsquare Media)


• 94.3 WKUF – Flint (Kettering University student station)


• 95.1 WFBE – Flint (Country, B95, Cumulus Media)


• 98.9 WOWE – Vassar (Urban Adult Contemporary, Praestantia Broadcasting)


• 101.5 WWBN – Tuscola-Flint (Active Rock, Banana 101.5, Townsquare Media)


• 102.5 WIOG – Bay City (CHR)


• 103.1 WQUS – Flint (Classic Rock, US 103.1, Townsquare Media)


• 103.9 WRSR – Owosso-Flint (Classic Rock, 103.9 The Fox, Potential Broadcasting)


• 105.5 WWCK – Flint (Mainstream CHR, CK105.5, Cumulus Media)


• 107.9 WCRZ – Flint (Adult Contemporary, Cars 108, Townsquare Media)

Townsquare Media's WCRZ is consistently the top-rated station in Flint and has been near the top of the ratings consistently since changing format from beautiful music WGMZ in 1984. Sister stations WRCL and WWBN also regularly chalk up top 10 ratings in Flint. Cumulus Media's top stations are WDZZ (usually the No. 2 rated station 12+ in Flint, second only to WCRZ) and WWCK. Cumulus also owns popular country station WFBE (which for many years was a classical-music public radio station owned by the Flint school system), as well as sports-talker WTRX and Saginaw/Bay City's WHNN (96.1 FM, Oldies) and WIOG (102.5 FM, Top 40), which both have good signals and significant listenership in Flint.

Radio stations from Detroit, Lansing, Lapeer and Saginaw may also be heard in the Flint area; Detroit's WJR (760 AM) is regularly rated among the top 10 stations in Flint and often higher-rated than any local Flint-based AM station.

Infrastructure[edit]

Bus lines[edit]

The city of Flint is served by various bus lines. For travel within and around the city, the Flint Mass Transportation Authority (MTA) provides local bus services. Indian Trails provides inter-city bus service north to Saint Ignace, through Bay City, Michigan and south to Pontiac, Michigan, Southfield, Michigan and Detroit, and runs services west to Chicago. Greyhound Lines also provides inter-state services. MTA's main hub is in Downtown Flint, while the Indian Trails/Greyhound Lines station is co-located at the Flint Amtrak station on Dort Highway, just north of I-69.

Major highways[edit]

• 
  I-69 runs east and west through Flint.


• 
  I-75 / US 23 runs north and south through the southwestern part of the city.


• 
  I-475 runs north and south through Flint.


• 
  M-21 (also known as Corunna Road and Court Street) runs nearly due east and west through Flint.


• 
  M-54, also known as Dort Highway after Flint automotive pioneer Josiah Dallas Dort, runs north and south through the eastern part of the city.

Railroads[edit]

Amtrak provides intercity passenger rail service on the Blue Water line from Chicago to Port Huron at the border to Canada. The Amtrak station is located on Dort Highway, just north of I-69

Canadian National Railway and CSX Transportation provide freight services to the city. Lake State Railway also runs freights in and out of CSX's McGrew Yard in Flint.

Airports[edit]

Flint is served by several airlines at Bishop International Airport.^[105] It is located on Bristol Road between I-75 and I-69.

Dalton Airport, a public use airport near Flushing, also serves small, privately owned planes.

Healthcare[edit]

• Hurley Medical Center


• McLaren Regional Medical Center


• Flint once had two other full service hospitals: St. Joseph's Hospital and Flint Osteopathic Hospital (FOH). In 1988, HealthSource Group, the parent company of FOH, became affiliated with St. Joseph Health Systems.^[106] In 1992, St. Joseph Health Systems changed its name to Genesys Health System and the names of its four hospitals to Genesys Regional Medical Center (GRMC).^[106] On February 15, 1997, all the GRMC hospitals were consolidated into one hospital at Genesys Regional Medical Center at Health Park in suburban Grand Blanc Township (now owned by Ascension Health).^[106] and Flint Osteopathic Hospital was razed during the Spring/Summer of 2015.^[107]

Waste management[edit]

Trash collection in the city was previously managed by Republic Services. In August 2016, Flint's contract with the company expired, leaving the city with no trash collection, with residents advised not to leave their trash at the curb until further notice.^[108] Trash collection was reinstated within a few days after a Circuit Court judge permitted Republic Services to temporarily continue service. A Genesee County judge gave city officials 90 days to reach a new agreement for trash pickup.^[109]

Sister cities[edit]

Flint has four sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

• 
  Changchun, Jilin, China


• 
  Hamilton, Ontario, Canada^[110]


• 
  Kielce, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland


• 
  Tolyatti, Samara Oblast, Russia


• 
  Châteauguay, Canada

Books[edit]

The following books are set in Flint or relate to the city.

Fiction

• 
  The Watsons Go to Birmingham - 1963 by Christopher Paul Curtis
  


• 
  Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis


• 
  Elijah of Buxton by Christopher Paul Curtis


• 
  The Mighty Miss Malone by Christopher Paul Curtis


• 
  Daddy Cool by Donald Goines
  

Non-Fiction

• 
  Rivethead: Tales from the Assembly Line by Ben Hamper.


• 
  Teardown: Memoir of a Vanishing City by Gordon Young.


• 
  No Miracles Here: Fighting Urban Decline in Japan and the United States (2001) by Theodore J. Gilman compares and contrasts the decline of Flint with that of Ōmuta, Fukuoka, Japan.

Music[edit]

• Flint is the subject of the Sufjan Stevens song "Flint (For the Unemployed and Underpaid)" featured on his album Michigan.

Film and television[edit]

The following films and television shows have taken place or were filmed in Flint.

Television

• 
  The Fitzpatricks (1977–78) was a short-lived CBS TV drama about an Irish Catholic working-class family living in Flint. The show was filmed in Hollywood, but set in Flint. Also, the families were portrayed as steelworkers, not autoworkers.


• 
  Flint Town (2018) a Netflix documentary about the struggling urban areas of the city.^[111]


• 
  TV Nation (1994–1995) was the debut TV series by Michael Moore. Numerous segments were filmed in and around Flint, including one where Moore uses declassified information to find the exact impact point from the nuclear ICBM that targeted the city (ground zero was Chevrolet Assembly, one of the General Motors plants at Bluff & Cadillac Streets). Moore then went to Kazakhstan to try to redirect the ICBM away from Flint.


• 
  The Awful Truth (1999–2000) was Michael Moore's second TV show. It featured segments from Flint.


• The Flint Police Department has appeared in the 31st season of the reality show Cops, airing in the summer of 2018.^[112]

Movies

• 
  To Touch a Child (1962) A look into Community Schools, a concept pioneered by Charles Stewart Mott and spread throughout the United States.


• 
  With Babies and Banners: Story of the Women's Emergency Brigade (1979) Documentary about the women of the Flint Sit-Down Strike.


• 
  Roger & Me (1989) Documentary about the economic depression in the Flint area caused by the closure of several General Motors factories in the late 1980s.


• 
  Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint (1992) Follow-up of Roger & Me.


• 
  The Big One (1998) Documentary film Moore urges Nike to consider building a shoe factory in Flint. Moore succeeds in convincing Nike CEO Philip Knight to match his offer to donate money to Buell Elementary School, which would eventually become the locale of the infamous Kayla Rolland shooting.


• 
  Shattered Faith (2001) Independent (Fifth Sun Productions) written and directed by Flint native Stephen Vincent. Movie was filmed in Flint. Cast was made mostly of Flint residents but did feature Joe Estevez. Vincent's multi-year project debuted September 20, 2001 and was released directly to DVD.^[113]


• 
  Bowling for Columbine (2002) Moore's take on the gun industry also profiles the shooting of Kayla Rolland.


• 
  Chameleon Street (1990) Wendell B. Harris Jr.'s story of famed con man Douglas Street. Winner of Grand Jury Prize at Sundance.


• 
  The Real Blair Witch (2003) Documentary about group of Flint teenagers kidnapping and terrorizing a fellow student.


• 
  The Michigan Independent (2004) Documentary film about the Michigan independent music community. Many segments were shot in Flint, particularly at the Flint Local 432.


• 
  Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) Moore takes on the George W. Bush administration. Moore filmed students from Flint Southwestern Academy. Filmed Marine recruiters at Courtland Center and references Genesee Valley Center as a mall for more wealthy citizens, "The rich mall in the suburbs." However, Courtland Center is in Burton, also a Flint suburb.


• 
  Michael Moore Hates America (2004) Filmmaker Mike Wilson travels to Flint to document small businesses and other development efforts in the city, and compares it to the depictions of the city in Moore's documentaries.


• 
  Flintown Kids (2005) Documentary film about violence in Flint.


• 
  Semi-Pro (2008) Will Ferrell movie which centers around a fictitious 1970s ABA basketball team, the Flint Tropics. It was partially filmed in Flint.


• 
  Capitalism: A Love Story (2009) A Michael Moore documentary about the negative impacts capitalism can have on people and communities.


• 
  The Ides of March (2011) A feature film starring Ryan Gosling and George Clooney. Certain scenes were shot around downtown Flint, near the Capitol Theatre and the alley around it.


• 
  Minor League (2011) A feature film starring Robert Miano, music artist Bone Crusher, Dustin Diamond, and Brad Leo Lyon. Numerous scenes were shot around Flint, including Atwood Stadium where the story's central Football team played their games.


• 
  Little Creeps (2012) A feature film starring Joe Estevez, Dustin Diamond and Lark Voorhees of Saved By the Bell fame (Screech and Lisa respectively), Jake the Snake Roberts, Brad Leo Lyon, and Robert Z'Dar. Restaurant and nightclub scenes were shot at locations in Flint.


• 
  The Watsons go to Birmingham, 1963 (2013) A movie about an African-American family who go towards Birmingham, Alabama, during the darkest moments of the civil rights movement, to teach the oldest child of the family that life isn't a joke. First half of the movie was filmed in Flint.


• 
  Thursday the 12th (2017) A feature film starring Jenna Simms, Brad Leo Lyon, Marilyn Ghigliotti, and Brian Sutherland. Approximately half of this film was shot in Flint, Michigan while the rest of the movie wrapped in Jackson, Michigan and Savannah, Georgia.


• 
  Don't Drink the Water (2017) A Brad Leo Lyon documentary film about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan and other communities.

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

• Back to the Bricks


• Citizens Republic Bancorp


• Flint Concert Band


• History of General Motors


• Michael Moore


• Saginaw Trail


• Urban decay


• Urban renewal

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Gilman, Theodore J. No Miracles Here: Fighting Urban Decline in Japan and the United States. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001.


• Highsmith, Andrew R. Demolition Means Progress: Flint, Michigan, and the Fate of the American Metropolis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

External links[edit]

• 
  Official website


• 
  Flint, Michigan at Curlie (based on DMOZ)


• 
  Tocqueville in Flint – Segment from C-SPAN's Alexis de Tocqueville Tour
  


• Flint Underground Music Archive


• 
   "Flint, Mich.". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.