List of political ideologies
List of political ideologies
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In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:
- Goals: how society should be organized.
- Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. The same term may also be used to refer to multiple ideologies, and that is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For instance, while the terms have been conflated at times, "Communism" has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist-Leninist ideologies, whereas "Socialism" has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies distinct from Marxism-Leninism. [1] Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] However, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana). There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups and each group contains ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. They are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. One ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and that parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Contents
1 Anarchism and Left-libertarianism
1.1 Left-libertarianism
1.1.1 Anarchism
1.1.1.1 Classical
1.1.1.2 Post-Classical
1.1.1.3 Contemporary
1.1.1.4 Regional variants
1.1.2 Classical liberal radicalism
1.1.3 Libertarian Marxism
1.1.4 Other
2 Conservatism and Right-libertarianism
2.1 Traditional conservatism
2.2 Right-libertarianism
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Regional variants of right-libertarianism
2.3 Other
2.4 Regional variants of conservatism
2.4.1 American
2.4.2 Asian / Pacific
2.4.3 European
2.4.4 Middle Eastern / Indian
2.5 Religious variants of conservatism
3 Environmentalism and Ecologism
3.1 Light green environmentalism
3.2 Bright green environmentalism
3.3 Deep green environmentalism
3.4 Other
3.5 Regional variants
3.6 Religious variants
4 Identity politics
4.1 Age-related rights movements
4.2 Disability-related rights movements
4.3 Feminism
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Chronological variants
4.3.3 Ethnic variants
4.3.4 Regional variants
4.3.4.1 African
4.3.4.2 American
4.3.4.3 Asian / Pacific
4.3.4.4 European
4.3.4.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
4.3.5 Religious variants
4.4 LGBT social movements
4.5 Men's movement
4.6 Racial separatist and supremacist movements
4.7 Self-determination movements
5 Liberalism and Centrism
5.1 Liberalism
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Other
5.2 Centrism
5.3 Regional variants
5.3.1 African
5.3.2 American
5.3.3 Asian / Pacific
5.3.4 European
5.3.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
6 Nationalism and Fascism
6.1 General
6.2 Fascism
6.3 Other
6.4 Religious variants
6.5 Regional variants
6.5.1 African
6.5.2 American
6.5.3 Asian / Pacific
6.5.4 European
6.5.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
6.6 Unification movements
7 Populism and Direct Democracy movements
7.1 General
7.2 Left-wing populism
7.3 Right-wing populism
7.4 Regional variants
8 Religious ideologies
8.1 General
8.2 Buddhism
8.3 Christianity
8.4 Hinduism
8.5 Islam
8.6 Judaism
8.7 Mormonism
8.8 Shinto
8.9 Sikhism
9 Socialism and Communism
9.1 Evolutionary socialism
9.2 Revolutionary socialism
9.3 Communism
9.4 Other
9.5 Regional variants of socialism
9.6 Religious variants of socialism
9.7 Regional variants of communism
9.7.1 African
9.7.2 American
9.7.3 Asian / Pacific
9.7.4 European
9.7.5 Middle Eastern / Indian
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Anarchism and Left-libertarianism[edit]
Left-libertarianism[edit]
Anarchism[edit]
Classical[edit]
Individualist anarchism
Egoist anarchism
Illegalism- Expropriative anarchism
- Existentialist anarchism
- Philosophical anarchism
- Mutualism
Social anarchism
Anarcho-communism
Magonism- Neozapatismo
- Anarcho-syndicalism
Collectivist anarchism
Russian nihilist movement- Narodnik agrarian populism
Post-Classical[edit]
- Anarcha-feminism
Anarchism without adjectives- Synthesist anarchism
- Anarcho-pacifism
Green anarchism- Anarcho-naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
Communalism- Democratic confederalism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Social ecology
- Veganarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Panarchism
Platformism- Makhnovism
Religious anarchism- Buddhist anarchism
Christian anarchism- Diggers
- Tolstoyan movement
- Islamic anarchism
- Jewish anarchism
Contemporary[edit]
- Anarcho-transhumanism
Anti-fascism- Antifa movements
- Black anarchism
- Crypto-anarchism
Free-market anarchism- Agorism
- Left-wing market anarchism
- National anarchism
- Post-anarchism
- Postcolonial anarchism
- Post-left anarchy
- Queer anarchism
Regional variants[edit]
- Africa
- Argentina
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Catalonia
- China
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- France
- French Guiana
- Germany
- Greece
- India
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Korea
- Mexico
- Monaco
- New Zealand
- Poland
- Puerto Rico
- Rojava
- Romania
- Russia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Transnistria
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
Classical liberal radicalism[edit]
Georgism- Geolibertarianism
Libertarian Marxism[edit]
- Autonomism
- Council communism
- Luxemburgism
- Situationism
Other[edit]
- Inclusive Democracy
- Participism
Syndicalism- DeLeonism
- Sorelianism
- Wobblyism
Conservatism and Right-libertarianism[edit]
Traditional conservatism[edit]
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Cultural conservatism
- Fiscal conservatism
- National conservatism
Paternalistic conservatism- Compassionate conservatism
Progressive conservatism- One-nation conservatism
Red Toryism- Tory socialism
- Paleoconservatism
Reactionism- Irridentism
Monarchism- Absolutist monarchy
- Neo-feudalism
- Neoreactionary movement
- Reactionary modernism
- Segregationism
State religion- Antidisestablishmentarianism
- Caesaropapism
- Dominionism
- Theocracy
- Theonomy
- Ultramontanism
Social conservatism- Anti-abortion movements
- Antifeminism
- LGBT rights opposition
Theoconservatism- Christian Right
- Traditionalist conservatism
Right-libertarianism[edit]
General[edit]
- Autarchism
- Beltway libertarianism
- Christian libertarianism
Classical liberalism- Neoclassical liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- Consequentialist libertarianism
Free-market anarchism- Agorism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Fusionism
Georgism- Geolibertarianism
- Green libertarianism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Libertarian feminism
- Libertarian transhumanism
- Minarchism
- Natural-rights libertarianism
- Neo-libertarianism
- Objectivist libertarianism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Panarchism
- Propertarianism
- Voluntaryism
Regional variants of right-libertarianism[edit]
- Libertarianism in South Africa
- Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
- Libertarianism in the United States
Other[edit]
- Alt-lite
Anti-environmentalism- Climate change denial
- Environmental skepticism
- Anti-immigration movements
- Anti-unionism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Christian democracy
- Civic conservatism
- Communitarianism
- Conservative corporatism
- Conservative feminism
- Conservative liberalism
- Fusionism
- Green conservatism
- LGBT conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
Neoconservatism- Straussianism
- Neoliberalism
- Neo-nationalism
- Right-wing populism
- Social Darwinism
Regional variants of conservatism[edit]
American[edit]
- Conservatism in Colombia
Conservatism in North America- Conservatism in Canada
Conservatism in the United States- Black conservatism in the United States
- New Right
- Old Right
- Tea Party movement
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Conservatism in Australia
- Conservatism in China (PRC)
- Conservatism in Hong Kong
- Conservatism in South Korea
European[edit]
Conservatism in France
Bonapartism- Neo-Bonapartism
- Gaullism
- Legitimism
- Ultra-royalism
Conservatism in Germany- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Neue Rechte
- Conservatism in Serbia
Conservatism in Spain- Carlism
- Falangism
Conservatism in the United Kingdom- Andism
- British neoconservatism
- Thatcherism
Toryism- Blue Toryism
High Toryism- Powellism
Red Toryism- Tory socialism
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Conservatism in India
- Conservatism in Pakistan
Conservatism in Turkey- Conservative democracy
- Erdoganism
Religious variants of conservatism[edit]
Christian right- Christian fundamentalism
- Traditionalist Catholicism
- Hindu fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism- Islamism
- Jewish fundamentalism
Environmentalism and Ecologism[edit]
Light green environmentalism[edit]
Free market environmentalism
Eco-capitalism- Sustainable capitalism
- Green libertarianism
Green conservatism- Fiscal environmentalism
- Green liberalism
Bright green environmentalism[edit]
- Car-free movement
- Climate movement
- Conservation movement
Ecomodernism- Ecological modernization
- Prometheanism
- Technogaianism
- Positive environmentalism
Deep green environmentalism[edit]
Anti-consumerism- Degrowth
Anti-globalization movement- Alter-globalization
- Bioregionalism
- Ecocentrism
- Eco-communalism
Green anarchism- Anarcho-primitivism
- Inclusive Democracy
Social ecology- Green municipalism
Radical environmentalism- Animal rights movement
- Earth liberation
Other[edit]
- Ecofeminism
Eco-nationalism- Green Zionism
Green left- Eco-socialism
- Green politics
- Localism
Regional variants[edit]
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Africa
- Switzerland
- United States
Religious variants[edit]
Christian environmentalism- Ecotheology
- Evangelical environmentalism
- Islamic environmentalism
- Jewish environmentalism
- Maori environmentalism
- Spiritual ecology
Identity politics[edit]
[edit]
- Children's rights movement
- Elder rights movement
- Intergenerational equity
- Youth rights movement
[edit]
Disability rights movement- Deaf rights movement
Neurodiversity movement- Autism rights movement
- Mad pride movement
- Psychiatric survivors movement
Fat acceptance movement- Fat feminism
Feminism[edit]
General[edit]
- Analytical feminism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Antifeminism
Conservative feminism- Anti-abortion feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Cyberfeminism
Difference feminism- New feminism
Ecofeminism- Vegetarian ecofeminism
- Equality feminism
- Gender feminism
- Labor feminism
- Lesbian feminism
Liberal feminism- Equity feminism
- Libertarian feminism
Lipstick feminism- Neofeminism
- Marxist feminism
- Material feminism
- Maternal feminism
- Postmodern feminism
Radical feminism- Women's liberation movement
- Separatist feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Social feminism
Socialist feminism- Marxist feminism
- Standpoint feminism
- State feminism
- Transfeminism
Chronological variants[edit]
- Protofeminism
- First-wave feminism
- Second-wave feminism
- Third-wave feminism
- Fourth-wave feminism
- Postfeminism
Ethnic variants[edit]
Black feminism- Hip-hop feminism
Womanism- Africana womanism
- Chicana feminism
French feminism- Post-structural feminism
Indigenous feminism- Native American feminism
- Kurdish feminism
Postcolonial feminism- Global feminism
- Third-world feminism
- Transnational feminism
- White feminism
Regional variants[edit]
African[edit]
- Congo
- Ethiopia
- Ghana
- Mali
- Nigeria
- South Africa
American[edit]
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Paraguay
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United States
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Australia
- China
- Hong Kong
- Indonesia
- Japan
- Malaysia
- New Zealand
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Vietnam
European[edit]
- Albania
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Ireland
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Russia
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Bangladesh
- Egypt
- India
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Lebanon
- Nepal
- Northern Cyprus
- Pakistan
- Syria
- Turkey
Religious variants[edit]
- Atheist feminism
- Buddhist feminism
- Christian feminism
- Hindu feminism
- Islamic feminism
Jewish feminism- Orthodox Jewish feminism
- Mormon feminism
Neopagan feminism- Reclaiming
- Sikh feminism
LGBT social movements[edit]
- Gay liberation
- Gay pride
- Homonationalism
- LGBT conservatism
- Queer anarchism
- Queer nationalism
- Queer socialism
- Transfeminism
Men's movement[edit]
- Masculism
- Profeminism
Racial separatist and supremacist movements[edit]
Black
- Black nationalism
- Black separatism
White
- Alt-right
- White nationalism
- White Separatism
Self-determination movements[edit]
African-American
- African-American self-determination
- Black anarchism
Black capitalism- Black conservatism
Black feminism
Womanism- Africana womanism
- Black power
- Pan-Africanism
Indigenous peoples
- Canadian First Nations self-determination
- Indigenismo
- Maori self-determination
Native American self-determination- American Indian Movement
- Pan-Indianism
- Self-determination of Australian Aborigines
Latinx American
Chicanismo- Chicano movement
- Hispanismo
- Indigenismo
- Pan-americanism
- Panhispanism
Liberalism and Centrism[edit]
Liberalism[edit]
General[edit]
- Agonistic liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Constitutional liberalism
- Cultural liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Green liberalism
- Muscular liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- National liberalism
- Progressivism
- Secular liberalism
- Technoliberalism
Other[edit]
- Liberal autocracy
- Liberal conservatism
Liberal feminism- Equity feminism
- Liberal socialism
- Pirate politics
- Radicalism
- Whiggism
Centrism[edit]
- Centre-left politics
- Centre-right politics
Christian democracy- Christian corporatism
- Distributism
Ordoliberalism- Social market economy
- Popolarismo
- Communitarianism
Georgism- Geolibertarianism
- Moderate politics
- Radical centrism
Social democracy- Nordic model
- Social corporatism
Social liberalism- Liberal corporatism
- Syncretic politics
- Third Way
- Welfare capitalism
Regional variants[edit]
African[edit]
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- South Africa
- Zimbabwe
American[edit]
- Latin America
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
United States- Progressivism in the United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Australia
- China
- Hong Kong
- Japan
- New Zealand
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
European[edit]
- Europe
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Czech lands
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- India
- Iran
- Israel
- Tunisia
- Turkey
Nationalism and Fascism[edit]
General[edit]
- Anti-imperialism
- Bourgeois nationalism
- Civic nationalism
- Corporate nationalism
- Eco-nationalism
Economic nationalism- Business nationalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Golus nationalism
- Homonationalism
Imperialism- Globalism
- Neocolonialism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- National mysticism
- Nativism
- Neo-nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Queer nationalism
- Religious nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Territorial nationalism
- Ultranationalism
Fascism[edit]
- Alt-right
- Austrofascism
- Brazilian Integralism
- British fascism
- Chilean fascism
- Christofascism
- Clerical fascism
- Corporate statism
- Crypto-fascism
- Dark Enlightenment
- Ecofascism
- Falangism
- Fascist syndicalism
- Francoism
- Hutu Power
- Integral nationalism
- Islamofascism
- Italian fascism
- Japanese fascism
- Legionarism
- Metaxism
- National Radicalism
- Nazism
- Neo-fascism
- Neo-Nazism
Racial nationalism- Black nationalism
- White nationalism
- Reactionary modernism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Rexism
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Strasserism
Third Position
Nouvelle Droite- Identarianism
- Peronism
Other[edit]
- National anarchism
- National bolshevism
- National communism
- National conservatism
- National syndicalism
- Producerism
Religious variants[edit]
- Christian nationalism
- Hindu nationalism
- Muslim nationalism
- Sikh nationalism
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Regional variants[edit]
African[edit]
- Afrikaner nationalism
- Algerian nationalism
- Berber nationalism
- Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Egyptian nationalism
- Ethiopian nationalism
- Madagascan nationalism
- Nigerian nationalism
- Somali nationalism
American[edit]
American nationalism- Hawaiian sovereignty movement
- Independence movement in Puerto Rico
- Neo-Confederate movement
- Argentine nationalism
- Brazilian nationalism
Canadian nationalism- Quebec nationalism
- Greenlandic independence
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Cambodian nationalism
Chinese nationalism- Taiwanese nationalism
- Tibetan nationalism
- Uyghur nationalism
- Filipino nationalism
- Indonesian nationalism
- Japanese nationalism
- Karen nationalism
- Korean nationalism
- Malaysian nationalism
Vietnamese nationalism- Degar (Montagnard) nationalism
European[edit]
- Albanian nationalism
- Armenian nationalism
- Austrian nationalism
- Belgian nationalism
British nationalism- British unionism
- Cornish nationalism
- English nationalism
- Scottish nationalism
- Ulster loyalism
- Ulster nationalism
- Welsh nationalism
- Bulgarian nationalism
- Estonian nationalism
- Finnish nationalism
French nationalism- Breton nationalism
- Corsican nationalism
- Gaullism
- Georgian nationalism
- German nationalism
Greek nationalism- Cypriot nationalism
- Hungarian nationalism
Irish nationalism- Irish republicanism
- Ulster unionism
Italian nationalism- Sardinian nationalism
- Latvian nationalism
- Polish nationalism
Romanian nationalism- Poporanism
- Russian nationalism
Spanish nationalism- Basque nationalism
- Catalan nationalism
- Valencian nationalism
- Ukrainian nationalism
Yugoslav nationalism- Croatian nationalism
- Serbian nationalism
- Macedonian nationalism
- Slovenian nationalism
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
Arab nationalism- Baathism
- Lebanese nationalism
- Palestinian nationalism
- Assyrian nationalism
- Azerbaijani nationalism
Indian nationalism- Bengali nationalism
- Dravidian nationalism
- Punjabi nationalism
- Iranian nationalism
- Kurdish nationalism
Pakistani nationalism- Kashmiri nationalism
Sri Lankan nationalism- Tamil nationalism
Turkish nationalism- Kemalism
Zionism- Christian Zionism
- Green Zionism
- Labor Zionism
- Neo-Zionism
- Religious Zionism
- Revisionist Zionism
Unification movements[edit]
Anti-globalization movement- Alter-globalization
- Global citizens movement
- Global justice movement
Anti-nationalism- Anationalism
- Antipatriotism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Democratic globalization
- Internationalism
Indigenism- Indigenismo
- Pan-Indianism
Multiculturalism- Interculturalism
- Pluriculturalism
- Plurinationalism
- Polyculturalism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Celticism
Pan-Europeanism- Pan-European nationalism
- United States of Europe
- Pan-Germanism
- Pan-Hellenism
Pan-Hispanism- Patria Grande
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Irishism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-Latin Americanism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turanism
- Pan-Turkism
Populism and Direct Democracy movements[edit]
General[edit]
Agrarianism
Agrarian reformism- Land reform movements
- Anti-corruption movements
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-particracy movements
- Collaborative governance
- Copyright reform movements
- Cyber-utopianism
E-democracy- Collaborative e-democracy
- E-government
- E-participation
- Grassroots democracy
Localism- Deliberative democracy
- Net neutrality movements
- Open-source governance
- Participatory democracy
- Pirate politics
Left-wing populism[edit]
- Agrarian socialism
Anti-corporation movements- Anti-corporate activism
Anti-globalization movement- Alter-globalization
- Global justice movement
- Global citizens movement
- Occupy movement
Peace movement- Anti-militarism
- Anti-war movement
Right-wing populism[edit]
- National conservatism
Nativism- Anti-immigration movements
- Neo-nationalism
- Neoreactionary movement
- Penal populism
Regional variants[edit]
- Black Populism movement in the United States
- Coffee Party movement in the United States
- Direct Democracy in the United States
Euroscepticism- Hard Euroscepticism
- Soft Euroscepticism
- Five Star movement in Italy
- Kemalism
- Populism in Canada
Populism in Latin America- Bolivarianism
- Peronism
- Roman Populares
Russian agrarian populism- Romanian agrarian populism
- Tea Party movement in the United States
- Trumpism in the United States
United Kingdom Independence Party- Brexit movement
Religious ideologies[edit]
General[edit]
- Anti-clericalism
- Clericalism
- Confessionalism
- Divine right of kings
Feminist theology- Thealogy
- Womanist theology
Fundamentalism- Atheist fundamentalism
Humanism- Religious humanism
- Secular humanism
- Political religion
- Progressive Reconstructionism
- Religious anarchism
- Religious anti-Zionism
- Religious apoliticism
- Religious communism
- Religious liberalism
- Religious nationalism
- Religious pacifism
- Religious socialism
Secularism- Disestablishmentarianism
- Laïcité
- Secular religion
- State atheism
- Spiritual left
State religion- Antidisestablishmentarianism
- Theocracy
- Theonomy
Buddhism[edit]
- Buddhist anarchism
- Buddhist feminism
Buddhist modernism- Engaged Buddhism
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Secular Buddhism
Buddhist nationalism- 969 Movement
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
- Buddhist socialism
Christianity[edit]
- Caesaropapism
- Christian anarchism
- Christian communism
Christian democracy- Christian corporatism
- Popolarismo
- Social market economy
- Christian feminism
- Christian fundamentalism
- Christian humanism
- Christian libertarianism
Christian nationalism- Christian Zionism
- National Catholicism
- Christian pacifism
Christian reconstructionism- Dominionism
- Christian socialism
Christofascism- Clerical fascism
- Distributism
- Evangelical left
- Liberal Christianity
- Liberation theology
- Political Catholicism
- Popolarismo
- Progressive Christianity
- Social Gospel
Ultramontanism- Neo-ultramontanism
Hinduism[edit]
- Gandhism
- Hindu feminism
Hindu nationalism- Akhand Bharat
- Hindu revolution
- Hindutva
- Hindu revivalism
Islam[edit]
- Gülen movement
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic feminism
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamism- Islamic fascism
- Islamic liberalism
- Islamic Modernism
Islamic nationalism- Islamic Zionism
- Muslim nationalism in South Asia
- Islamic pacifism
- Islamic socialism
- Khilafat movement
- Panislamism
Judaism[edit]
- Homaranismo
- Jewish anarchism
- Jewish anti-Zionism
- Jewish Autonomism
- Jewish democracy
- Jewish feminism
- Jewish fundamentalism
- Jewish humanism
Jewish left- Bundism
Jewish nationalism- Halachic state
- Religious Zionism
Kibbutzim- Kibbutz Movement
- Religious Kibbutz Movement
Mormonism[edit]
- Theodemocracy
Shinto[edit]
- State Shinto
Sikhism[edit]
- Khalistan movement
Socialism and Communism[edit]
Evolutionary socialism[edit]
- Democratic socialism
- Ethical socialism
- Fabian socialism
- Liberal socialism
- Municipal socialism
- Reformism
Social democracy- Nordic model
- Social corporatism
Revolutionary socialism[edit]
- Blanquism
- Democratic socialism
Libertarian socialism- Inclusive Democracy
Libertarian Marxism- Autonomism
Left communism- Council communism
- Bordigism
- Luxemburgism
- Open Marxism
Orthodox Marxism
Impossibilism- De Leonism
- World socialism
- Instrumental Marxism
- Kautskyism
- Situationism
- Participism
Social anarchism- Anarcho-collectivism
Anarcho-communalism- Democratic confederalism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Social ecology
Anarcho-communism
Magonism- Neozapatismo
- Anarcho-syndicalism
Syndicalism- Sorelianism
- Wobblyism
Western Marxism- Austromarxism
- Freudo-Marxism
- Marxist humanism
Neo-Marxism- Analytical Marxism
Conflict theories- Dependency theory
- World-systems theory
- Structural Marxism
- Post-Marxism
Communism[edit]
Marxist communism
Leninism
Marxism-Leninism- Castroism
- Goulash communism
Guevarism- Foco
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Husakism
- Juche
- Khrushchevism
Mao Zedong Thought- Maoism (Third Worldism)
- Mao-Spontex
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism- Gonzalo Thought
- Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
Socialism with Chinese characteristics- Deng Xiaoping Thought
- Scientific Outlook on Development
- Xi Jinping Thought
- Revisionism
Stalinism- Anti-revisionism
- Neo-Stalinism
- Socialism in One Country
Titoism- Đilasism
- Rankovićism
Trotskyism- Orthodox Trotskyism
- Pabloism
- Posadism
Third camp- Shachtmanism
- Other
- Eurocommunism
- National communism
- Scientific communism
World communism- Proletarian internationalism
Non-Marxist communism- Anarchist communism
- Communard movement
- Kibbutz movement
- Primitive communism
Religious communism
Christian communism- Diggers
- Hutterites
- Shakers
- United Order
- Islamic communism
- Mazdakism
Other[edit]
- Agrarian socialism
- Authoritarian socialism
- Centrist Marxism
- Eco-socialism
- Guild socialism
Market socialism- Ricardian socialism
- Veblenian socialism
Proto-socialism- Chartists
- Communards
- Diggers
- Jacobins
- Levellers
- Radicals
- Scientific socialism
Right-wing socialism- Tory socialism
- Socialist feminism
- Socialist nationalism
- State socialism
Utopian socialism- Fourierism
- Owenism
- Workplace democracy
Regional variants of socialism[edit]
- African socialism
American socialism- African-American leftism
Arab socialism- Nasserism
- Tunisian socialism
- Australian socialism
- Bangladeshi socialism
- Brazilian socialism
- British socialism
- Burmese socialism
- Canadian socialism
- Caribbean socialism
- Catalan socialism
- Chilean socialism
- Dutch socialism
- French socialism
- Hong Kong socialism
Indian socialism- Gandhian socialism
- Naxalism
- Nehruism
- Indonesian socialism
Iranian socialism- Mazdakism
- Korean socialism
- Kurdish socialism
- Israeli socialism
Latin American Socialism of the 21st century- Argentine Kirchnerism
- Bolivian Movement for Socialism
- Brazilian Lulism
Venezuelan Bolivarianism- Chavism
- Melanesian socialism
Mexican socialism
Magonism- Neozapatismo
- New Zealand socialism
- Nicaraguan socialism
- Pakistani socialism
Russian Narodnik socialism- Socialist Revolutionary Party
Scandinavian socialism- Popular socialism
- Tanzanian socialism
Third-Worldism- Third World Socialism
Religious variants of socialism[edit]
- Buddhist socialism
- Christian socialism
- Islamic socialism
- Jewish socialism
Regional variants of communism[edit]
African[edit]
- Communism in Angola
- Communism in Benin
- Communism in the Republic of the Congo
- Communism in Ethiopia
- Communism in Madagascar
- Communism in Mozambique
- Communism in Somalia
- Communism in South Africa
American[edit]
- Communism in Canada
- Communism in Chile
- Communism in Colombia
- Communism in Cuba
- Communism in Grenada
- Communism in Peru
- Communism in the United States
Asian / Pacific[edit]
- Communism in Australia
Communism in Cambodia- Khmer Rouge
- Salvation Front
Communism in China- Left communism in China
Communism in Indonesia- Communism in Sumatra
- Communism in Korea
- Communism in Laos
- Communism in Mongolia
- Communism in the Philippines
- Communism in Thailand
- Communism in Vietnam
European[edit]
- Communism in Albania
- Communism in Bulgaria
- Communism in Czechoslovakia
- Communism in France
Communism in Germany- Spartacus League
- Communism in Greece
- Communism in Hungary
- Communism in Italy
- Communism in Poland
- Communism in Portugal
- Communism in Romania
- Communism in Russia
- Communism in Spain
- Communism in the United Kingdom
- Communism in Yugoslavia
Middle Eastern / Indian[edit]
- Communism in Afghanistan
Communism in India- Communism in Kerala
- Communism in Iran
- Communism in Israel/Palestine
- Communism in Nepal
- Communism in Pakistan
- Communism in Turkey
Communism in Yemen- Communism in South Yemen
See also[edit]
- List of communist ideologies
- List of ideologies named after people
- List of forms of government
References[edit]
^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/state-of-socialism-a-note-on-terminology/4C742B00BE0D00ED3F0BE855097DE5F7#
^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
^ Bouchard, T. J., and McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54 (1), 44–45.
^ Cloninger, et al. (1993).[citation not found]
^ Eaves, L. J., Eysenck, H. J. (1974). Genetics and the development of social attitudes. Nature, 249, 288–289.
^ Alford, (2005).[citation not found]
^ Hatemi, P. K., Medland, S. E., Morley, K. I., Heath, A. C., Martin, N.G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics, 37 (3), 435–448.
^ Hatemi, P. K., Hibbing, J., Alford, J., Martin, N., Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 584–600.
^ Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., and Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 601–613.
^ Anonymous Conservative. The Evolutionary Psychology Behind Politics.
External links[edit]
Useful notes on political ideologies
Categories:
- Political ideologies
- Political parties
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