This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Catherine Pavlovna
Duchess George of Oldenburg
Queen consort of Württemberg
Tenure	30 October 1816 – 9 January 1819
Born	(1788-05-10)10 May 1788 Catherine Palace, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died	9 January 1819(1819-01-09) (aged 30) Stuttgart, Württemberg
Spouse	Duke George of Oldenburg William I of Württemberg
Issue	Duke Alexander Georgievich of Oldenburg Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg Princess Maria, Countess of Neipperg Sophie, Queen of the Netherlands
House	Romanov
Father	Paul I of Russia
Mother	Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg
Religion	Russian Orthodox

Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia (Russian: Екатерина Павловна; 21 May 1788 [OS 10 May 1788] – 9 January 1819) later Queen Catharina Pavlovna of Württemberg, was the fourth daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. She became the Queen of Württemberg upon her marriage to her first cousin Crown Prince William who eventually became King William I of Württemberg in 1816.

Early life[edit]

Ekaterina was born in St. Petersburg and named after her grandmother, Catherine the Great. Described as beautiful and vivacious, she had a happy childhood and her education was carefully supervised by her mother. Ekaterina received the best education and constantly furthered her education through reading new literary publications and personal contacts with various outstanding persons. Known as Katya in the family, she was very close to her siblings, particularly her eldest brother Tsar Alexander I. Throughout her life she would maintain a close relationship with him. It was said that she was Alexander's favorite sister and one of the few persons he loved unconditionally. His letters to her are expressed in phrases like "I am yours, heart and soul, for life", "I think that I love you more with each day that passes", and "to love you more than I do is impossible". Although Paul and Maria Feodorovna were initially disappointed at the birth of a fourth daughter, Ekaterina later became her mother's favorite daughter.

First marriage[edit]

While the Napoleonic Wars were still in progress, the childless Napoléon I arranged his divorce from his beloved but aged wife Empress Joséphine, in order to marry a princess of high birth, get connected to royalty and beget the much desired heir. While the divorce itself did not happen until 1810, Napoleon was on the lookout for a new wife for some years previous to that, and seriously considered Ekaterina as a candidate - in addition to everything else, such a marriage would also provide strategic advantage by drawing the Russians to his side. The matter was broached or hinted at by the French delegation, at the behest of Talleyrand, at a meeting between them and the Russians at Erfurt in 1808. Ekaterina's family was utterly horrified, and the Dowager Empress immediately arranged a marriage for her daughter to her nephew, Duke George of Oldenburg.

Thus, Ekaterina was married to her first cousin Duke George of Oldenburg on 3 August 1809. George was the second son of Peter, Duke of Oldenburg and his wife, Duchess Frederica of Württemberg. The couple resided in Tver, where George had been appointed governor general. Catherine lived a lavish court life and entertained with balls, grand dinners and similar events in the pattern of the Imperial court, to create "a Small Saint Petersburg" in Tver. The couple were quickly blessed with two sons: Peter George (b. 1810) and Konstantin Friedrich Peter (b. 1812). Although the match had been arranged by their families, Ekaterina was devoted to her husband, and the marriage was harmonious. It was said that he was not handsome but Ekaterina cared for him deeply, and his death in 1812, due to typhoid fever, was a very severe shock to her. They had been married barely three years, and Ekaterina, now the mother of two infant sons, was only 24 years old.

While residing in Tver with George, Ekaterina supported N.M. Karamzin to write his later famous historical work. Tsar Alexander adopted reactionary ideas from a patriotic group which she dominated. In 1812, some conspirators who planned to depose Tsar Alexander had the ambitions to put her on the throne as Empress Catherine III. In 1812, she supported the suggestion to summon a national militia, and formed a special regiment of chasseurs which took part in many of the great battles of the era.

Second marriage[edit]

Following the death of her husband, Ekaterina spent much of the next few years with her siblings, especially her brother the Tsar with whom she had a very close relationship. During 1813-1815, she travelled to England with her brother Tsar Alexander I to meet the Prince Regent. She was again with her brother during the Congress of Vienna in 1815. She was not without influence upon his political acts during these trips. She also promoted the marriage between her youngest sister Anna and William II of the Netherlands during this time.

In England, Ekaterina met the Crown Prince William of Württemberg. It was love at first sight for the couple. However, William was married to princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria; he took the drastic step of divorcing her. The background to this turn of events is that William and Caroline Augusta had hastily married each other in order to avoid a political marriage devised by Napoleon. They had never got on with each other, and both of them claimed, at the time of seeking an annulment, that their marriage had never been consummated. The annulment was duly granted by the papacy on grounds of non-consummation. Shortly afterwards (in 1816), Caroline Augusta married Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and became Empress Consort.

Very early in the year 1816, Ekaterina was married to the newly divorced William. The wedding was held in Saint Petersburg. The couple was immediately blessed with a daughter, Marie Frederikke Charlotte, who was born on 30 October 1816, perchance the very day on which Ekaterina's father-in-law, Frederick I of Wurttemberg, died. The day therefore marked her husband's accession as king, and Ekaterina, now Queen Katharina of Württemberg, became active in charity works in her adopted homeland. She established numerous institutions for the benefit of the public. She supported elementary education and organized a charity foundation during the hunger of 1816. In 1818, she gave birth to another daughter, Sophie Frederike Mathilde, who would marry Ekaterina's nephew William III of Orange and become Queen of the Netherlands.

Death[edit]

In January 1819, six months after the birth of her youngest child, Ekaterina died at Stuttgart of erysipelas complicated by pneumonia. She was barely thirty years old, and left behind four children, dispersed across two different families, the eldest of whom was barely eight years old. After her death, her surviving husband built Württemberg Mausoleum in Rotenberg, Stuttgart, dedicated to her memory. William later married again; his next wife was his first cousin, Princess Pauline of Württemberg.

Issue[edit]

Ekaterina had two sons with Duke George of Oldenburg (9 May 1784 – 27 December 1812):

• Peter Georg Paul Alexander of Oldenburg (30 August 1810 – 16 November 1829)


• 
  Konstantin Friedrich Peter of Oldenburg (26 August 1812 – 14 May 1881)

With the King of Württemberg, she had the following children:

• Maria Friederike Charlotte (30 October 1816 – 4 January 1887)


• 
  Sophie Friederike Mathilde (17 June 1818 – 3 June 1877) - Became Queen of the Netherlands

Titles and styles[edit]

• 
  10 May 1788 - 3 August 1809: Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia


• 
  3 August 1809 - 24 January 1816: Her Imperial Highness Duchess George of Oldenburg


• 
  24 January 1816 - 30 October 1816: Her Imperial and Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Württemberg


• 
  30 October 1816 - 19 January 1819: Her Majesty The Queen of Württemberg

Ancestry[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catherine Pavlovna of Russia.

• Arturo Beeche. The Grand Duchesses
  


• Detlef Jena. Katharina Pawlowna. Großfürstin von Russland - Königin von Württemberg
  


• W. Bruce Lincoln. The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russians
  

Sources[edit]

• http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Russia_Heads.htm