Arsenal

Full name	Arsenal Football Club
Nickname(s)	The Gunners
Founded	1886; 132 years ago (1886) as Dial Square[1]
Ground	Emirates Stadium
Capacity	59,867[2]
Owner	Stan Kroenke[3]
Chairman	Sir Chips Keswick
Head coach	Unai Emery
League	Premier League
2017–18	Premier League, 6th of 20
Website	Club website
Home colours Away colours Third colours
Current season

Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 League titles, a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, the League Centenary Trophy, 15 FA Community Shields, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.

Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League, in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division,^[4] and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history.^[5] In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war. In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double. Between 1989 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles. They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position.^[6]

Herbert Chapman won Arsenal's first national trophies, but died prematurely. He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers,^[7] and added the white sleeves and brighter red to Arsenal's kit. Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies. He won a record 7 FA Cups, and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004,^[8] receiving the nickname The Invincibles, and a special gold Premier League trophy.^[9]

In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, becoming close neighbours of Tottenham Hotspur, and creating the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the nearby Emirates Stadium. In terms of revenue, Arsenal was the sixth highest-earning football club in the world, earned €487.6m in 2016–17 season.^[10] Based on social media activity from 2014 to 2015, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world.^[10] In 2018, Forbes estimated the club was the third most valuable in England, with the club being worth $2.24 billion.^[11]

History

1886–1919: Changing names

Dial Square: the workplace of Arsenal's founding fathers, and the club's original eponym

Royal Arsenal squad in 1888. Original captain, David Danskin, sits on the right of the bench.

On 1 December 1886, munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with David Danskin as their first captain.^[a] Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the whole complex a month later.^[15][14] Royal Arsenal F.C.'s first home was Plumstead Common,^[14] though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead, at the Manor Ground. Royal Arsenal won Arsenal's first trophies in 1890 and 1891, and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London.^[16][17] In 1891, Royal Arsenal became the first London club to turn professional.^[18]

Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893. They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year.^[19][20] Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904. Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city, led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910.^[21][22] Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall became involved in the club, and sought to move them elsewhere.^[23][24]

In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London. This saw their third change of name: the following year, they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal.^[25][26] In 1919, The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal, instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, into the newly enlarged First Division, despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division's last pre-war season of 1914–15. Some books have speculated that the club won this election to division one by dubious means.^[b] Later that year, The Arsenal started dropping "The" in official documents, gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal, as it is generally known today.^[30]

1919–1953: Bank of England Club

A bronze bust of Herbert Chapman stands inside Emirates Stadium as a tribute to his achievements at the club.

With a new home and First Division football, attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground, and Arsenal's budget grew rapidly.^[31][32] Their location and record-breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925.^[33][34] Over the next five years, Chapman built a new Arsenal. He appointed enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker,^[35] implemented Charlie Buchan's new twist on the nascent WM formation,^[36][37] captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood, and lavished Highbury's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James. With record-breaking spending and gate receipts, Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club.^[38][39]

Highbury's Art Deco east facade

Transformed, Chapman's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy, the FA Cup, in 1930. Two League Championships followed, in 1930–31 and 1932–33.^[40] Chapman also presided over multiple off the pitch changes: white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit;^[c]a Tube station was named after the club;^[44][45] and the first of two opulent, Art Deco stands was completed, with some of the first floodlights in English football.^[32] Suddenly, in the middle of the 1933–34 season, Chapman died of pneumonia.^[46] His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison, who saw out a hat-trick with the 1933–34 and 1934–35 titles, and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937–38 title.

World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years, but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season, 1947–48. This was Tom Whittaker's first season as manager, after his promotion to succeed Allison, and the club had equalled the champions of England record. They won a third FA Cup in 1950, and then won a record-breaking seventh championship in 1952–53.^[47] However, the war had taken its toll on Arsenal. The club had had more players killed than any top flight club,^[48] and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal's resources.^[32][26]

1953–1986: Mediocrity, Mee and Neill

Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years. The '53 Champions squad was old, and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements.^[49] Although Arsenal were competitive during these years, their fortunes had waned; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in midleague mediocrity.^[50] Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966.^[51]

Alan Ball (left) and Bertie Mee (right) in 1972

Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966.^[52][53] With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham, Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals, in 1967–68 and 1968–69. Next season saw a breakthrough: Arsenal's first competitive European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. And the season after, an even greater triumph: Arsenal's first League and FA Cup double, and a new champions of England record.^[54] This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73.^[53]

Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976. At the age of 34, he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date.^[55] With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals (1978, 1979 and 1980), and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties. The club's only trophy during this time was a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic.^[56][57]

1986–2018: Graham to Wenger

Tony Adams statue and the Emirates Stadium

One of Bertie Mee's double winners, George Graham, returned as manager in 1986. Arsenal won their first League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. By 1988, new signings Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club to complete the "famous Back Four" led by existing player Tony Adams.^[58] They immediately won the 1988 Football League Centenary Trophy, and followed it with the 1988–89 Football League title, snatched with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool.^[59] Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players,^[d] and he was dismissed in 1995. His permanent replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors.^[62]

After Arsenal completed the only 38-match season unbeaten, the Premier League commissioned a unique gold trophy to commemorate the achievement.

The club metamorphosed during the long tenure of manager Arsène Wenger, appointed in 1996. New, attacking football,^[63] an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices,^[e] and efficiency with money^[f] have defined his reign. Accumulating key players from Wenger's homeland, such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry, Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles".^[72] This latter feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.^[73]

Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first nine seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title.^[74] The club had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona.^[75] In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury.^[76] Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively.

The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014 when, spearheaded by then club-record acquisition Mesut Özil, Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2.^[77] A year later, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second time in a row, defeating Aston Villa 4–0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles, a record which Manchester United would tie the following season.^[78] Arsenal later won the FA Cup for a record 13th time, defeating Chelsea 2–1 in the 2017 final and once more becoming the outright leader in terms of FA Cups won. The victory also saw Wenger become the first manager in English football history to win seven FA Cups. However, in that same season, Arsenal finished in the fifth position in the league, the first time they had finished outside the top four since before Wenger arrived in 1996.^[79] After another unspectacular league season the following year, Wenger announced his departure from the club on 20 April 2018, after 22 years as manager.^[80] His decision was met by responses of praise throughout English and world football from many pundits and former players, who also thanked him for developing them as people.^[81] His final home match in charge was a 5–0 win over Burnley where his entrance was met to a standing ovation by supporters.^[82] The final match under the Wenger era was a 1–0 away victory against Huddersfield.

2018–present: Emery era

After conducting an overhaul in the club's operating model to coincide with Wenger's departure, Spaniard Unai Emery was named as the club's new head coach on 23 May 2018. He would become the club's first ever head coach, while also their second ever manager from outside the United Kingdom.^[83][84] His first match was an 8-0 win in a friendly against Boreham Wood^[85]

Crest

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  Arsenal's first crest from 1888
  

  
  

  
  


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  The 'monogram' badge as used in the 1930 FA Cup Final
  

  
  

  
  


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  The 'Art Deco' badge
  

  
  

  
  


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  A version of the Arsenal crest used from 1949 to 2002
  

  
  

  
  

Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannons viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannons.^[86] This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down.^[86]

In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit - "victory comes from harmony" – coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer.^[86] For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise,^[87] Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable.^[88] The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.^[89]
Until the 1960s, a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high-profile matches such as FA Cup finals, usually in the form of a monogram of the club's initials in red on a white background.^[90]

The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border. This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors.^[91] From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s.^[90]

In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest.^[92]

Colours

White sleeves first appeared on the shirt in 1933.

Arsenal's original home colours. The team wore a similar kit (but with redcurrant socks) during the 2005–06 season.

For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball.^[93] The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops.^[94][95]
In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf.^[96]
Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts;^[95] this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season.^[96] In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe.^[95]

Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time;^[96] in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip.^[97] In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas.^[98] These teams still wear those designs to this day.

For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history.^[99] Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip,^[99] which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before.

When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts. Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits. During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013.^[100]
Until 2014, the away kit was changed every season, and the outgoing away kit became the third-choice kit if a new home kit was being introduced in the same year.^[101] Since Puma began manufacturing Arsenal's kits in 2014, new home, away and third kits are released every single season.^[102]

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

Stadiums

Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. Everton F.C.

Before joining the Football League, Arsenal played briefly on Plumstead Common, then at the Manor Ground in Plumstead, then spent three years between 1890 and 1893 at the nearby Invicta Ground. Upon joining the Football League in 1893, the club returned to the Manor Ground and installed stands and terracing, upgrading it from just a field. Arsenal continued to play their home games there for the next twenty years (with two exceptions in the 1894–95 season), until the move to north London in 1913.^[103][104]

Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing.^[32] The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954.^[32]

Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s. The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators.^[105] This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators.^[106]

The North Bank Stand, Arsenal Stadium, Highbury

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties.^[32] These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time.^[107]
After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury.^[108]
The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs,^[109]
and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season.^[110]
The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million.^[111]
Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names.^[112]
The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until at least 2024.^[113][114] From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.^[115]

Arsenal's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire, a purpose-built facility which opened in 1999.^[116] Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students' Union. Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury.^[117] Arsenal's Academy under-18 teams play their home matches at Shenley, while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park,^[118] which is also the home of Boreham Wood F.C. Both the Academy under-18 & the reserves occasionally play their big games at the Emirates in front of a crowd reduced to only the lower west stand.^[119][120]

A panorama of the Emirates Stadium

Supporters

Arsenal against rivals Tottenham, known as the North London derby, in November 2010.

Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as "Gooners", the name derived from the team's nickname, "The Gunners". The fanbase is large, generally loyal, and virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99.5% of available capacity),^[121] and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance.^[122] Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke.^{[123][124][125][126]} The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes. Much of the Afro-Caribbean support comes from the neighbouring London Borough of Hackney and a large portion of the South Asian Arsenal supporters commute to the stadium from Wembley Park, North West of the capital. There was also traditionally a large Irish community that followed Arsenal, with the nearby Archway area having a particularly large community, but Irish migration to North London is much lower than in the 1960s or 1970s.

Arsenal supporters

Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans. The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!. In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing "One-Nil to the Arsenal" (to the tune of "Go West").

There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography. Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club.^[127] A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million.^[128] The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season.^[10]

Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies.^[129] Other rivalries within London include those with Chelsea, Fulham and West Ham United. In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title^[130] – so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal's biggest rivals, followed by Tottenham and Chelsea.^[131] A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important.^[132]

Ownership and finances

The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke.^[133] Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007,^[134] and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007.^[135] Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016.^[136] Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%).^[137][138] In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%.^[139][140] As of May 2017, Kroenke owns 41,721 shares (67.05%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%).^[133]Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief executive since 2009.^[133]

Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued,^[133] and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market. On 29 May 2017, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £18,000, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £1,119.9m.^[141] Most football clubs aren't listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult. Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand.^[142] Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $2.238 billion (£1.69 billion) in 2018, ranked third in English football.^[11] Research by the Henley Business School also ranked Arsenal second in English football, modelling the club's value at £1.118 billion in 2015.^[143][144]

Arsenal's financial results for the 2014–15 season show group revenue of £344.5m, with a profit before tax of £24.7m.^[145] The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of £329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs' annual revenue. They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at £331.3m (€435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs.^[10] Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world.

In popular culture

Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts". On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio.^[146][147] A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live.^[146][148] Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964.^[146][149]Sky's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television.^[146][150]

As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain. They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related novels, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939), which was made into a film in the same year.^[151] The story centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing. Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part.^[152] More recently, the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s.^[153] The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox.^[154]

Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and "boring" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s;^[155][156] many comedians, such as Eric Morecambe, made jokes about this at the team's expense. The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine.^[152] Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs – the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn.^[152]

In the community

In 1985, Arsenal founded a community scheme, "Arsenal in the Community", which offered sporting, social inclusion, educational and charitable projects. The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust, which by 2006 had raised more than £2 million for local causes.^[157] An ex-professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches.^[158] The club launched the Arsenal for Everyone initiative in 2008 as an annual celebration of the diversity of the Arsenal family.^[159] In the 2009–10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £818,897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity. The original target was £500,000.^[160]

Save the Children has been Arsenal global charity partner since 2011 and have worked together in numerous projects to improve safety and well-being for vulnerable children in London and abroad. On 3 September 2016 The Arsenal Foundation has donated £1m to build football pitches for children in London, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan and Somalia thanks to The Arsenal Foundation Legends Match against Milan Glorie at the Emirates Stadium.^[161] On 3 June 2018 Arsenal will play Real Madrid in the Corazon Classic Match 2018 at the Bernabeu, where the proceeds will go to Real Madrid Foundation projects that are aimed at the most vulnerable children. In addition there will be a return meeting on 8 September 2018 at the Emirates stadium where proceeds will go towards the Arsenal foundation.^[162]

Statistics and records

Thierry Henry is Arsenal's record goalscorer, with 228 goals in all competitions.

Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (18),^[163]
and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship. As of May 2016, they are one of only six teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City and Leicester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992.^[164]

They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, with 13.^[165] The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015.^[166] Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup "Doubles" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999).^[74][167] They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993.^[168] Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona.^[169]

Arsenal have one of the best top-flight records in history, having finished below fourteenth only seven times. They have won the second most top flight league matches in English football, and have also accumulated the second most points,^[5] whether calculated by two points per win^[5] or by the contemporary points value.^[170] They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons (92 as of 2017–18).^[4][171] Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century, with an average league placement of 8.5.^[6]

Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches (49 between May 2003 and October 2004).^[73] This included all 38 matches of their title-winning 2003–04 season, when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top-flight campaign unbeaten, after Preston North End (who played only 22 matches) in 1888–89.^[72][172] They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak.^[173]

Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005–06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal, beating the previous best of seven set by A.C. Milan. They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score; the streak ended in the final, when Samuel Eto'o scored a 76th-minute equaliser for Barcelona.^[75]

David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances, having played 722 first-team matches between 1975 and 1993. Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second, having played 669 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman, with 564 appearances.^[174]

Thierry Henry is the club's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012,^[175] having surpassed Ian Wright's total of 185 in October 2005.^[176] Wright's record had stood since September 1997, when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939.^[177] Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 175,^[175] a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006.^[178]

Arsenal's record home attendance is 73,707, for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium, where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury's capacity. The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73,295, for a 0–0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935,^[174] while that at Emirates Stadium is 60,161, for a 2–2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007.^[179]

Chart showing Arsenal's league positions since admission to The Football League in 1893

Players

First-team squad

As of 18 September 2018^[180]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 1 GK Petr Čech (vice captain) 2 DF Héctor Bellerín 4 MF Mohamed Elneny 5 DF Sokratis Papastathopoulos 6 DF Laurent Koscielny (captain) 7 MF Henrikh Mkhitaryan 8 MF Aaron Ramsey 9 FW Alexandre Lacazette 10 MF Mesut Özil 11 MF Lucas Torreira 12 DF Stephan Lichtsteiner 14 FW Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 15 MF Ainsley Maitland-Niles

No. Position Player 16 DF Rob Holding 17 FW Alex Iwobi 18 DF Nacho Monreal 19 GK Bernd Leno 20 DF Shkodran Mustafi 23 FW Danny Welbeck 25 DF Carl Jenkinson 26 GK Emiliano Martínez 27 DF Konstantinos Mavropanos 29 MF Mattéo Guendouzi 31 DF Sead Kolašinac 34 MF Granit Xhaka

UEFA Reserve squad

As of 18 September 2018^[181][182]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 36 DF Daniel Ballard 38 DF Tolaji Bola 40 MF Robbie Burton 43 MF Charlie Gilmour 44 GK Dejan Iliev 49 FW Eddie Nketiah 50 DF Joseph Olowu 51 DF Tobi Omole 52 DF Jordi Osei-Tutu 53 DF Julio Pleguezuelo 54 MF Ben Sheaf

No. Position Player 55 FW Emile Smith Rowe 56 DF Dominic Thompson 57 MF Nathan Tormey 59 MF Joe Willock 60 MF Gedion Zelalem 66 FW Xavier Amaechi 69 MF Harrison Clarke 70 MF Trae Coyle 72 FW Tyreece John-Jules 86 GK Arthur Okonkwo 87 FW Bukayo Saka

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 13 GK David Ospina (on loan at Napoli until the end of the 2018–19 season) 21 DF Calum Chambers (on loan at Fulham until the end of the 2018–19 season) 37 DF Krystian Bielik (on loan at Charlton Athletic until the end of the 2018–19 season) 48 MF Reiss Nelson (on loan at Hoffenheim until the end of the 2018–19 season)

No. Position Player 54 GK Matt Macey (on loan at Plymouth Argyle until the end of the 2018–19 season) 98 MF Kelechi Nwakali (on loan at Porto B until the end of the 2018–19 season) — FW Takuma Asano (on loan at Hannover 96 until the end of the 2018–19 season)[183]

Under-23s and Under-18s

Former players

Non-playing staff

Unai Emery, who has managed Arsenal since 2018.

As of 19 June 2018.^{[184][185][186][187][188][189][190]}

Corporate hierarchy

Coaching staff

Managers

Arsène Wenger, the club's most successful manager, managed Arsenal from 1996 to 2018.

The club's current manager is Unai Emery, who was appointed in May 2018.^[194] There have been eighteen permanent and five caretaker managers of Arsenal since the appointment of the club's first professional manager, Thomas Mitchell in 1897.^[195] The club's longest-serving manager, in terms of both length of tenure and number of games overseen, is Arsène Wenger, who managed the club between 1996 and 2018.^[196][197] Wenger was also Arsenal's first manager from outside the United Kingdom.^[197] Two Arsenal managers have died in the job – Herbert Chapman and Tom Whittaker.^[198]

Honours

Arsenal's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890. The Kent Junior Cup, won by Royal Arsenal's reserves, was the club's first trophy, while the first team's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup.^[199][200] Their first national senior honour came in 1930, when they won the FA Cup.^[201] The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s, winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles.^[202][203] Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970–71 season and twice repeated the feat, in 1997–98 and 2001–02, as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992–93.^[204]

Seasons in bold are seasons when the club won a Double of the league and FA Cup, or of the FA Cup and League Cup. The 2003–04 season was the only 38-match league season unbeaten in English football history. A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season.^[205]

As of 28 May 2017.^[g]

EFL and Premier League

• 
  First Division (until 1992) and Premier League
  

Winners (13): 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04

• League Cup

Winners (2): 1986–87, 1992–93

• League Centenary Trophy

Winners (1): 1988 (record)

The FA

• FA Cup

Winners (13): 1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17 (record)

• 
  FA Community Shield (FA Charity Shield before 2002)

Winners (15): 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991 (shared), 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017

UEFA

• 
  UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (European Cup Winners' Cup before 1994)

Winners (1): 1993–94

• 
  Inter-Cities Fairs Cup^[h]

Winners (1): 1969–70

County FAs

When the FA Cup was the only national football association competition available to Arsenal, the other football association competitions were County Cups, and they made up many of the matches the club played during a season.^[200] Arsenal's first first-team trophy was a County Cup, the inaugural Kent Senior Cup.^[16] Arsenal became ineligible for the London Cups when the club turned professional in 1891, and rarely participated in County Cups after this.^[18][214] Due to the club's original location within the borders of both the London and Kent Football Associations,^[215] Arsenal competed in and won trophies organized by each.^[16][214]

Other

During Arsenal's history, the club has participated in and won a variety of pre-season and friendly honours. These include Arsenal's own pre-season competition the Emirates Cup, begun in 2007.^[216] During the wars, previous competitions were widely suspended and the club had to participate in wartime competitions. During WWII, Arsenal won several of these.

Arsenal Women

Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal. Founded as Arsenal Ladies F.C. in 1987 by Vic Akers, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are currently managed by Clair Wheatley. Akers currently holds the role of Honorary President of Arsenal Women.^[217][218] As part of the festivities surrounding their 30th anniversary in 2017, the club announced that they were changing their formal name to Arsenal Women F.C., and would use "Arsenal" in all references except rare cases where there might be confusion with the men's side.^[219]

Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football. In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup,^[220] and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple.^[221] The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Women are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood.^[222]

Footnotes

References

Further reading

• 
  Attwood, Tony; Kelly, Andy; Andrews, Mark (1 August 2012). Woolwich Arsenal FC: 1893–1915 The club that changed football (First ed.). First and Best in Education. ISBN 978-1-86083-787-6.
  


• 
  Callow, Nick (11 April 2013). The Official Little Book of Arsenal. Carlton Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84732-680-5.
  


• 
  Castle, Ian (30 August 2012). Arsenal. FeedaRead.com. ISBN 978-1-78176-752-8.
  


• 
  Cross, John (17 September 2015). Arsene Wenger: The Inside Story of Arsenal Under Wenger. Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN 978-1-4711-3793-8.
  


• 
  Elkin, James; Shakeshaft, Simon (1 November 2014). The Arsenal Shirt: Iconic Match Worn Shirts from the History of the Gunners. Vision Sports Publishing. ISBN 978-1-909534-26-1.
  


• 
  Fynn, Alex; Whitcher, Kevin (18 August 2011). Arsènal: The Making of a Modern Superclub (3rd ed.). Vision Sports Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907637-31-5.
  


• 
  Glanville, Brian (2011). Arsenal Football Club: From Woolwich to Whittaker. GCR Books. ISBN 978-0-9559211-7-9.
  


• 
  Hayes, Dean (2007). Arsenal: The Football Facts. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-433-2.
  


• 
  Hornby, Nick (1992). Fever Pitch. Indigo. ISBN 978-0-575-40015-3.
  


• 
  Joy, Bernard (2009) [First Published 1952]. Forward, Arsenal! (Republished ed.). GCR Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-9559211-1-7.
  


• 
  Lane, David (28 August 2014). Arsenal 'Til I Die: The Voices of Arsenal FC Supporters. Meyer & Meyer Sport. ISBN 978-1-78255-038-9.
  


• 
  Maidment, Jem (2008). The Official Arsenal Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive A-Z of London's Most Successful Club (revised ed.). Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-61888-1.
  


• 
  Mangan, Andrew; Lawrence, Amy; Auclair, Philippe; Allen, Andrew (7 December 2011). So Paddy Got Up: An Arsenal anthology. Portnoy Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9569813-7-0.
  


• 
  Roper, Alan (1 November 2003). Real Arsenal Story: In the Days of Gog. Wherry Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9546259-0-0.
  


• 
  Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin (3 October 2011). Arsenal 125 Years in the Making: The Official Illustrated History 1886–2011. Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-62353-3.
  


• 
  Sowman, John; Wilson, Bob (18 January 2016). Arsenal: The Long Sleep 1953 – 1970: A view from the terrace. Hamilton House. ISBN 978-1-86083-837-8.
  


• 
  Spragg, Iain; Clarke, Adrian (8 October 2015). The Official Arsenal FC Book of Records (2 ed.). Carlton Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78097-668-6.
  


• 
  Spurling, Jon (2 November 2012). Rebels for the Cause: The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club (New ed.). Random House. ISBN 978-1-78057-486-8.
  


• 
  Spurling, Jon (21 August 2014). Highbury: The Story of Arsenal In N.5. Orion. ISBN 978-1-4091-5306-1.
  


• 
  Stammers, Steve (7 November 2008). Arsenal: The Official Biography: The Compelling Story of an Amazing Club (First ed.). Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-61892-8.
  


• 
  Wall, Bob (1969). Arsenal from the Heart. Souvenir Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-285-50261-1.
  


• 
  Watt, Tom (13 October 1995). The End: 80 Years of Life on the Terraces. Mainstream Publishing Company, Limited. ISBN 978-1-85158-793-3.
  


• 
  Whittaker, Tom; Peskett, Roy (1957). Tom Whittaker's Arsenal Story (First ed.). Sporting Handbooks.
  

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• 
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• 
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• 
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