非已然語氣

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非已然語氣irrealis moods、縮寫 IRR、非現實式/非實現狀/非實然/未來式)為语气的主要集合體,表明了說話人在說話時某種情況或動作不知道已經發生。與此相反,稱之為已然語氣。[1]


每一種語言都有"非現實式"的語式。西北太平洋地區的原住民語言有多達五個層次的"非現實式"(unreality)。




目录





  • 1 主要非已然語氣

    • 1.1 假設語氣


    • 1.2 條件語氣



  • 2 參見


  • 3 註釋


  • 4 外部連結




主要非已然語氣



假設語氣



英語範例: "If I loved you...(如果我愛你...)" / "May I love you(我可以愛你嗎)"


假設語氣,有時也被稱為連接語氣(conjunctive mood),在從屬子句(dependent clause)裡有幾種用法。例子包括討論到假設的或不可能的事件,表達意見或情感,或則表現禮貌的請求(確切的範圍是特定的語言)。一種假設語氣存在於英語,但它往往不是強制性的。例如:"I suggested that Paul eat an apple(我認為保羅吃一個蘋果)", Paul is not in fact eating an apple.(保羅其實也不是吃一個蘋果)。對比這一句"Paul eats an apple.(保羅吃一個蘋果)",其中動詞"to eat(吃)"為現在式,直陳語氣(indicative mood)。另一種方式,尤其是在英國英語中,表達了這句可能為 "I suggested that Paul should eat an apple.(我認為保羅應該吃一個蘋果)"”,源於"Paul should eat an apple.(保羅應該吃一個蘋果)。


在英語中虛擬語氣的其他用法,例如"And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass...(如果他不能夠獻一隻羊,因而為他的罪他就要獻...)"(钦定版圣经利未記5:7),已經成為過時的用法。有一些語句比如"I shall ensure that he leave immediately.(我要確保他立即離開)"通常聽起來過於正式,而且往往已經被直陳語氣結構所取代,諸如"I'll make sure [that] he leaves immediately.(我會確保[是]他立即離開)"。



條件語氣



英語範例: "I would love you.(我會愛你)"



參見


  • 條件語氣


註釋




  1. ^ 蕭惠帆(Hsiao Hui-Fan),"5.2 實然--非實然與時--位的概念/從語法到教學論詞彙來去的趨向和情態(The Modality of lai and qu 'come/go' in Mandarin Chinese)"[1],碩士論文[92NTNU0612010],臺灣師範大學,2003,ch5:p.7-9.



外部連結



  • Mood and Modality: Out of theory and into the fray

From SIL:



  • deontic modality

    • volitive modality: (imprecative mood, optative mood)


    • directive modality: (deliberative mood, imperative mood, immediate imperative mood, jussive mood, obligative mood, permissive mood, precative mood, prohibitive mood)



  • epistemic modality

    • judgment modality: (assumptive mood, declarative mood, deductive mood, dubitative mood, hypothetical mood, interrogative mood, speculative mood)


  • irrealis modality: (subjunctive mood)

  • Greek tenses


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