Lubbock, Texas
City of Lubbock
Downtown Lubbock skyline
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Hub City"
Location in the state of Texas
Lubbock Location in Texas Show map of Texas Lubbock Lubbock (the US) Show map of the US Lubbock Lubbock (North America) Show map of North America
Coordinates: 33°34′40″N 101°53′24″W / 33.57778°N 101.89000°W / 33.57778; -101.89000Coordinates: 33°34′40″N 101°53′24″W / 33.57778°N 101.89000°W / 33.57778; -101.89000[1]
Country	United States
State	Texas
County	Lubbock
Settled	1890
Incorporated	March 16, 1909
Government
• Type	Council-manager
• Mayor	Dan Pope (R)
• City Council	Juan A. Chadis Shelia Patterson Harris Jeff Griffith Steve Massengale Karen Gibson Latrelle Joy
• City manager	W. Jarrett Atkinson
Area
• City	123.6 sq mi (320.0 km2)
• Land	122.41 sq mi (317.04 km2)
• Water	1.14 sq mi (2.96 km2)
Elevation[1]	3,202 ft (976 m)
Population (2017)[2][3][4]
• City	253,888 (83rd)
• Metro	314,840
• CSA	338,115
Demonym(s)	Lubbockite
Time zone	UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes	79401-79416, 79423, 79424, 79430, 79452, 79453, 79457, 79464, 79490, 79491, 79493, 79499
Area code	806
FIPS code	48-45000[5]
Interstates
U.S. Routes
Website	www.ci.lubbock.tx.us

Lubbock (/ˈlʌbək/ LUB-ək)^[6]
is a city in and the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas, United States.^[7] The city is located in the northwestern part of the state, a region known historically and geographically as the Llano Estacado and ecologically is part of the southern end of the High Plains. According to a 2015 Census estimate, Lubbock had a population of 252,506,^[2] making it the 83rd-most populous city in the United States of America and the 11th-most populous city in the state of Texas.^[8][9] The city is the economic center of the Lubbock metropolitan area, which has a projected 2020 population of 327,424.^[10]

Lubbock's nickname, "Hub City", derives from it being the economic, educational, and health care hub of the multicounty region, north of the Permian Basin and south of the Texas Panhandle, commonly called the South Plains.^[11] The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world^[12][13] and is heavily dependent on water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation. Lubbock was selected as the 12th-best place to start a small business by CNNMoney.com.^[14] CNN mentioned the city's traditional business atmosphere: low rent for commercial space, central location, and cooperative city government. Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state. Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States, based in part on its international baccalaureate program.^[15]

History[edit]

Lubbock has a large number of churches, including the downtown First Baptist congregation.

Lubbock County was founded in 1876. It was named after Thomas Saltus Lubbock, former Texas Ranger and brother of Francis Lubbock, governor of Texas during the Civil War.^[16] As early as 1884, a U.S. post office existed in Yellow House Canyon. A small town, known as Old Lubbock, Lubbock, or North Town, was established about three miles to the east. In 1890, the original Lubbock merged with Monterey, another small town south of the canyon. The new town adopted the Lubbock name. The merger included moving the original Lubbock's Nicolett Hotel across the canyon on rollers to the new townsite. Lubbock became the county seat in 1891,^[17] and was incorporated on March 16, 1909. In the same year, the first railroad train arrived.

Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) was founded in Lubbock in 1923. A separate university, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, opened as Texas Tech University School of Medicine in 1969. Both universities are now overseen by the Texas Tech University System, after it was established in 1996 and based in Lubbock. Lubbock Christian University, founded in 1957, and Sunset International Bible Institute, both affiliated with the Churches of Christ, have their main campuses in the city. South Plains College and Wayland Baptist University operate branch campuses in Lubbock.

At one time, Lubbock was home to Reese Air Force Base located 6 mi (10 km) west of the city. Established in August 1941, during the defense build-up prior to World War II (1941-1945), by the United States Department of War and the U.S. Army as Lubbock Army Airfield. It served the old U.S. Army Air Forces, and later the U.S. Air Force, after reorganization and establishment in 1947. The U.S.A.F. base's primary mission throughout its existence was pilot training. The base was closed 30 September 1997 after being selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1995 and is now a research and business park called Reese Technology Center.

The city is home to the Lubbock Lake Landmark, part of the Museum of Texas Tech University. The landmark is an archaeological and natural history preserve at the northern edge of the city. It shows evidence of almost 12,000 years of human occupation in the region. the National Ranching Heritage Center, also part of the Museum of Texas Tech University, houses historic ranch-related structures from the region.

In August 1951, a V-shaped formation of lights was seen over the city. The "Lubbock Lights" series of sightings received national publicity and is regarded as one of the first great "UFO" cases. The sightings were considered credible because they were witnessed by several respected science professors at Texas Technological College and were photographed by a Texas Tech student. The photographs were reprinted nationwide in newspapers and in Life magazine. Project Blue Book, the U.S. Air Force's official investigation of the UFO mystery, concluded the photographs were not a hoax and showed genuine objects, but dismissed the UFOs as being either "night-flying moths" or a type of bird called a plover reflected in the nighttime glow of Lubbock's new street lights. However, other researchers have disputed these explanations, and for many, the "Lubbock Lights" remain a mystery.

In 1960, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Lubbock's population as 128,691 and area as 75.0 sq mi (194 km²).^[18]

On May 11, 1970, the Lubbock Tornado struck the city. Twenty-six people died, and damage was estimated at $125 million. The Metro Tower (NTS Building), then known as the Great Plains Life Building, at 274 ft (84 m) in height, is believed to have been the tallest building ever to survive a direct hit from an F5 tornado.^[19] Then Mayor Jim Granberry and the Lubbock City Council, which included Granberry's successor as mayor, Morris W. Turner, were charged with directing the rebuilding of downtown Lubbock in the aftermath of the storm.

In August, 1988, tens of thousands of people came to Lubbock, drawn by an apparition of Mary.

In 2009, Lubbock celebrated its centennial. The historians Paul H. Carlson, Donald R. Abbe, and David J. Murrah co-authored Lubbock and the South Plains.

On August 12, 2008, the Lubbock Chamber of Commerce announced they would lead the effort to get enough signatures to have a vote on allowing county-wide packaged alcohol sales.^[20] The petition effort was successful and the question was put to the voters. On May 9, 2009, Proposition 1, which expanded the sale of packaged alcohol in Lubbock County, passed by a margin of nearly two to one, with 64.5% in favor. Proposition 2, which legalized the sale of mixed drinks in restaurants county-wide, passed with 69.5% in favor.^[21] On September 23, 2009, The Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission issued permits to more than 80 stores in Lubbock.^[22] Prior to May 9, 2009, Lubbock County allowed "package" sales of alcohol (sales of bottled liquor from liquor stores), but not "by the drink" sales, except at private establishments such as country clubs. Inside the city limits, the situation was reversed, with restaurants and bars able to serve alcohol, but liquor stores forbidden.

Geography[edit]

Lubbock is considered to be the center of the South Plains, and is situated north of the Permian Basin and south of the Texas Panhandle.^[23] According to the United States Census Bureau, as of 2010, the city has a total area of 123.55 sq mi (319.99 km²), of which, 122.41 sq mi (317.04 km²) of it (99.07%) is land and 1.14 sq mi (2.95 km²), or (0.93%), is covered by water.^[2]

Skyline[edit]

The Wells Fargo Building is the second-tallest building in Lubbock.

The tallest buildings in Lubbock are listed below.^{[24][25][26][27]}

Climate[edit]

Lubbock has a cool semi-arid climate climate classification BSk).^[28] On average, Lubbock receives 18.69 inches or 475 millimetres of rain^[29] and 8.2 inches or 0.21 metres of snow per year.^[30]

In 2013, Lubbock was named the "Toughest Weather City"^[31] in America according to the Weather Channel.

Summers are hot, with 78 afternoons on average of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs and 7.4 afternoons of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs, although due to the aridity and elevation, temperatures remain above 70 °F (21.1 °C) on only a few mornings. Lubbock is the tenth-windiest city in the US with an average wind speed of 12.4 mph (20.0 km/h; 5.5 m/s).^[32] The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F (45.6 °C) on June 27, 1994.^[33]

Winter afternoons in Lubbock are typically sunny and mild, but mornings are cold, with temperatures usually dipping below freezing,^[33][34] and, as the city is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7,^[35] lows reaching 10 °F or −12.2 °C occur on 2.5 mornings and 5.7 afternoons occur where the temperature fail to rise above freezing. The lowest recorded temperature was −17 °F (−27.2 °C) on February 8, 1933.^[33]

Lubbock can experience severe thunderstorms during the spring, and occasionally the summer. The risk of tornadoes and very large hail exists during the spring months in particular as Lubbock sits on the far southwestern edge of tornado alley.

Demographics[edit]

As of the census^[41] of 2010, there were 229,573 people, 88,506 households, and 53,042 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,875.6 people per square mile (724.2/km²). There were 95,926 housing units at an average density of 783.7 per square mile (302.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 75.8% White, 8.6% African American, 0.7% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.1% of the population.

Non-Hispanic Whites were 55.7% of the population in 2010, down from 77.2% in 1970.^[18]

There were 88,506 households out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1 were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 18.9% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94.5 males.

In 2011 the estimated median income for a household in the city was $43,364, and for a family was $59,185. Male full-time workers had a median income of $40,445 versus $30,845 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,092. About 11.4% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.^[42]

2000 census[edit]

As of the census^[5] of 2000, there were 199,564 people, 77,527 households, and 48,531 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,738.2 people per square mile (671.1/km²). There were 84,066 housing units at an average density of 732.2/sq mi (282.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 72.87% White, 8.66% African American, 0.56% Native American, 1.54% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 14.32% from other races, and 2.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.45% of the population.

There are 77,527 households out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the city the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 17.9% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,844, and the median income for a family was $41,418. Males had a median income of $30,222 versus $21,708 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,511. About 12.0% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy[edit]

The Lubbock area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is heavily dependent on federal government agricultural subsidies and on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. The aquifer is being depleted at a rate that is unsustainable over the long term. Much progress has been made toward water conservation, and new technologies such as low-energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation were originally developed in the Lubbock area. A new pipeline from Lake Alan Henry is expected to supply up to 3.2 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m³; 12 GL) of water per year.^[43]

Cone grain elevator, north side of Lubbock

Adolph R. Hanslik, who died in 2007 at the age of 90, was called the "dean" of the Lubbock cotton industry, having worked for years to promote the export trade. Hanslik was also the largest contributor (through 2006) to the Texas Tech University Medical Center.^[44] He also endowed the Texas Czech Heritage and Cultural Center's capital campaign for construction of a new library museum archives building in La Grange in Fayette County in his native southeastern Texas.^[45]

The 10 largest employers in terms of the number of employees are Texas Tech University, Covenant Health System, Lubbock Independent School District, University Medical Center, United Supermarkets, City of Lubbock, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, AT&T, and Lubbock County. A study conducted by a professor at the Rawls College of Business determined that Texas Tech students, faculty and staff generate about $1.5 billion,^{[clarification needed]} with about $297.5 million from student shopping alone.^[46]

Lubbock has one regional enclosed mall, South Plains Mall, and numerous open-air shopping centers, most located on the city's booming southwestern side. Lubbock is also home to high-end furniture retailers, such as Spears Furniture, which has been in Lubbock since 1950. Lubbock's newest open-air shopping center is Canyon West at the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue and Marsha Sharp Freeway.

As of 2014, a new shopping center on West Loop 289 began development, including the opening of two anchor stores, Cabela's in 2014 and Costco in 2013.

Panhandle-South Plains Fairgrounds

Economic development[edit]

Founded as Market Lubbock in 1997, the Lubbock Economic Development Alliance (LEDA) was established by the city to recruit new business and industry to Lubbock and to retain existing companies. LEDA's mission is to promote economic growth through the creation of high-quality jobs, attract new capital investment, retain and expand existing businesses, and improve the quality of life in Lubbock.

Environmental issues[edit]

The Scrub-A-Dubb Barrel Company, located in the north of the city, had been the cause of public complaints, and committed numerous environmental violations, since the 1970s.^[47] Local KCBD News undertook several investigations into the barrel recycling company's waste-handling practices, and when the business closed in 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency was called in to begin cleaning up the site, which they described as "a threat to public health, welfare, and the environment".^[48] Greg Fife, the EPA's on-site coordinator, said: "Out of the 60,000 [barrels] we have on site we think there are between 2,000 and 4,000 that have significant hazardous waste in them". Local residents were informed, "hazardous substances have overflowed the vats and flowed off the Site into nearby Blackwater Draw and subsequently through Mackenzie recreational park. The runoff is easily accessible to children at play in the park, golfers, and the park's wildlife." Remediation of the site was expected to take at least five months, at a cost of $3.5 million in federal dollars.^[49]

Arts and culture[edit]

Annual cultural events[edit]

Lubbock's Silent Wings Museum at the former South Plains Army Airfield

Every year on July 4, Lubbock hosts the 4th on Broadway event, an Independence Day festival. The event is free to the public, and is considered the largest free festival in Texas. The day's activities usually include a morning parade, a street fair along Broadway Avenue with food stalls and live bands, the Early Settlers' Luncheon, and an evening concert/fireworks program. Broadway Festivals Inc., the non-profit corporation which organizes the event, estimated a 2004 attendance of over 175,000 people. Additionally, the College Baseball Foundation holds events relating to its National College Baseball Hall of Fame during the 4th on Broadway event.

The South Plains Fair is also hosted annually, and features a wide variety of entertainment including live music, theme-park rides, and various food items sold in an carnival-like setting. During the Fair, many agricultural and livestock contests also take place, bringing many participants from the surrounding cities.

The National Cowboy Symposium and Celebration, an annual event celebrating the prototypical Old West cowboy, takes place in Lubbock. The event, held in September, features art, music, cowboy poetry, stories, and the presentation of scholarly papers on cowboy culture and the history of the American West. A chuckwagon cook-off and horse parade also take place during the event.

Music[edit]

The west Texas arts scene have created a "West Texas Walk of Fame" located within Buddy and Maria Elena Holly Plaza in the historic Depot District which details musicians such as Buddy Holly who came from the local area. Lubbock continues to play host to rising and established alt-country acts at venues like the Cactus Theater and The Blue Light Live, both located on Buddy Holly Avenue.^[50] The spirit of Buddy Holly is preserved in the Buddy Holly Center in Lubbock's Depot District. The 2004 film Lubbock Lights showcased much of the music that is associated with the city of Lubbock.

Lubbock is the birthplace of rock and roll legend Buddy Holly and features a cultural center named for him. The city previously hosted an annual Buddy Holly Music Festival. The event was renamed Lubbock Music Festival after Holly's widow increased usage fees for his name. Similarly, the city renamed the Buddy Holly West Texas Walk of Fame to honor area musicians as the West Texas Hall of Fame.^[51] On January 26, 2009, the City of Lubbock agreed to pay Holly's widow $20,000 for the next 20 years to maintain the name of the Buddy Holly Center. Additionally, land near the center will be named the Buddy and Maria Holly Plaza.^[52] Holly's legacy is also remembered through the work of deejays, such as Jerry "Bo" Coleman, Bud Andrews, and Virgil Johnson on radio station KDAV.^[53]

Groundbreaking will be held on April 20, 2017, for the construction of a new performing arts center, the Buddy Holly Hall of Arts and Sciences, a downtown $153 million project expected to be completed in late 2019. Holly Hall will also have concession sites and a bistro with both outdoor and indoor dining. United Supermarkets has been named the food and beverage provider. Thus far, the private group, the Lubbock Entertainment and Performing Arts Association, has raised or received pledges in the amount of $93 million. The Lubbock Independent School District and Ballet Lubbock also support the project.^[54]

Lubbock is the birthplace of Morris Mac Davis (born January 21, 1942), who graduated at the age of sixteen from Lubbock High School and became a country music singer, songwriter, and actor with crossover success. His early work writing for Elvis Presley produced the hits "Memories", "In the Ghetto", and "A Little Less Conversation". A subsequent solo career in the 1970s produced hits, such as "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me" making him a well-known name in popular music. He also starred in his own variety show, a Broadway musical, and various films and television programs.^[55]

Outsider musician and psychobilly pioneer The Legendary Stardust Cowboy was also born in Lubbock.^[56] He began his musical career there, playing free shows in various parking lots around town.^[57] Since striking it big, however, the Ledge has not performed in Lubbock, due to how little support and encouragement the city showed him when he was first starting out.^[57] John Denver got his start in Lubbock and as a freshman student at Texas Tech in 1966 could be found playing in the Student Union for free. His father was a Colonel in the Air Force stationed at Reese Air Force base west of the city.

The Lubbock Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1946 and performs at the Lubbock Memorial Civic Center Theatre.

Tourism[edit]

Joyland Amusement Park

Lubbock's Memorial Civic Center hosts many events. Former Mayor Morris Turner (1931–2008), who served from 1972 to 1974, has been called the father of the Civic Center. Other past mayors include Jim Granberry and Roy Bass.

According to a study released by the nonpartisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research, Lubbock is the second-most conservative city in the United States among municipalities greater than 100,000 in population.^[58]

Lubbock sits within the Texas High Plains, an eight-million-acre region that produces 80 percent of the state's wine grapes.^[59] Five major wineries, including the most award-winning in Texas (LLano Estacado Winery), are based near Lubbock, providing a significant draw for wine lovers.^[60]

The National Ranching Heritage Center, a museum of ranching history, is located in Lubbock. It features a number of authentic early Texas ranch buildings, as well as a railroad depot and other historic buildings. An extensive collection of weapons is also on display. Jim Humphreys, late manager of the Pitchfork Ranch east of Lubbock, was a prominent board member of the center. The American Cowboy Culture Association, founded in 1989, is located in Lubbock; it co-hosts the annual National Cowboy Symposium and Celebration held annually from Thursday through Sunday after Labor Day.^[61]

The Southwest Collection, an archive of the history of the region and its surroundings which also works closely with the College Baseball Foundation, is located on the campus of Texas Tech University, as are the Moody Planetarium and the Museum of Texas Tech University.

The Depot District, an area of the city dedicated to music and nightlife located in the old railroad depot area, boasts a number of theatres, upscale restaurants, and cultural attractions. The Depot District is also home to several shops, pubs and nightclubs, a radio station, a magazine, a winery, a salon, and other establishments. Many of the buildings were remodeled from the original Fort Worth & Denver South Plains Railway Depot which originally stood on the site. The Buddy Holly Center, a museum highlighting the life and music of Buddy Holly, is also located in the Depot District, as is the restored community facility, the Cactus Theater.

Lubbock is also home to the Silent Wings Museum. Located on North I-27, Silent Wings features photographs and artifacts from World War II-era glider pilots.

The Science Spectrum is an interactive museum and IMAX Dome theatre with a special focus on children and youth.

National Register of Historic Places[edit]

Lubbock Post Office and Federal Building, constructed in 1932.

• Cactus Theater


• Canyon Lakes Archaeological District


• Carlock Building


• Fort Worth and Denver South Plains Railway Depot


• Fred and Annie Snyder House


• Holden Properties Historic District


• Kress Building


• Lubbock High School


• Lubbock Lake Landmark


• Lubbock Post Office and Federal Building


• South Overton Residential Historic District


• Texas Technological College Dairy Barn


• Texas Technological College Historic District


• Tubbs-Carlisle House


• Warren and Myrta Bacon House


• 
  William Curry Holden and Olive Price Holden House

Sports[edit]

A Texas Tech Red Raiders football game

The Texas Tech Red Raiders are in the Big 12 Conference and field 17 teams in 11 different varsity sports. Men's varsity sports at Texas Tech are baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field. Women's varsity sports are basketball, cross country, golf, indoor and outdoor track and field, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball. The university also offers 30 club sports, including cycling, equestrian, ice hockey, lacrosse, polo, rodeo, rugby, running, sky diving, swimming, water polo, and wrestling. In 2006, the polo team, composed of Will Tankard, Ross Haislip, Peter Blake, and Tanner Kneese, won the collegiate national championship.^[62]

The football program has been competing since October 3, 1925. The Red Raiders have won 11 conference titles and been to 31 bowl games, winning five of the last seven.

The men's basketball program, started in 1925, has been to the NCAA Tournament 14 times—advancing to the Sweet 16 three times, and the Elite Eight once. Bob Knight, hall-of-famer and second-winningest coach in men's college basketball history, coached the team from 2001 to 2008.

Of the varsity sports, Texas Tech has had its greatest success in women's basketball. Led by Sheryl Swoopes and head coach Marsha Sharp, the Lady Raiders won the NCAA Women's Basketball Championship in 1993. The Lady Raiders have also been to the NCAA Elite Eight three times and the NCAA Sweet 16 seven times. In early 2006, Lady Raiders coach Marsha Sharp resigned and was replaced on March 30, 2006 by Kristy Curry, who had been coaching at Purdue.

In addition, Lubbock is the home of the Chaparrals of Lubbock Christian University. With a recent move up to NCAA Division 2, the 2015-16 women's basketball team won the national championship.^[63] In 2009, the Lubbock Christian University^[64] baseball team won their second NAIA National Championship.

In 2007, the Lubbock Renegades began play as a member of the af2, a developmental league of the Arena Football League. The team discontinued operation in 2008.

High school athletics also feature prominently in the local culture.

Little League[edit]

In 2007, the Lubbock Western All-Stars Little League Baseball team made it to the final four of the Little League World Series.^[65]

Lubbock has several Little Leagues including the 3rd place, 2007 Little League World Series Western Little League.

• Lubbock Western Little League


• Lubbock Southwest Little League


• Lubbock Cooper Little League


• Lubbock Northwest Little League


• Lubbock Martin Luther King Little League


• Lubbock Dixie Little League

Parks and recreation[edit]

Entrance to Mackenzie Park

In March 1877, during the Buffalo Hunters' War, the Battle of Yellow House Canyon took place at what is now the site of Mackenzie Park. Today, Mackenzie Park is home to Joyland Amusement Park, Prairie Dog Town, and both a disc golf and regular golf course. The park also holds the American Wind Power Center, which houses over 100 historic windmills on 28 acres (11 hectares). Two tributaries of the Brazos River wind through Mackenzie Park, which is collectively part of the rather extensive Lubbock Park system.^[66][67] These two streams, Yellow House Draw and Blackwater Draw, converge in the golf course, forming the head of Yellow House Canyon, which carries the waters of the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River.^[68]

Lubbock is home to numerous parks, scattered throughout the city. Most parks feature a small lake and attract waterfowl of various species. One of Lubbock's larger lakes, Dunbar Historic Lake lies in Dunbar Historic Lake Park, near Mackenzie Park. Drainage exits into the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River. The park features miles of hiking trails and the Crosbyton-Southplains Railroad trestle, built in 1911, which spans the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the southeast end of the park. This trestle has become known by many locals as "Hell's Gate" or "Hell's Gate Trestle" for its supposed paranormal activity.

Government[edit]

Municipal government[edit]

Lubbock has a council-manager government system, with all governmental powers resting in a legislative body called a city council.^[70] Voters elect six council members, one for each of Lubbock's six districts, and a mayor.^[70] The council members serve for a term of four years, and the mayor serves for two years.^[70] After the first meeting of the city council after newly elected council members are seated, the council elects a mayor pro tempore, who serves as mayor in absence of the elected mayor.^[70] The council also appoints a city manager to handle the ordinary business of the city.^[70] There are currently no term limits for either city council members or mayor.

The Lubbock Police Department was shaped by the long-term administration of Chief J. T. Alley (1923–2009), who served from 1957 to 1983, the third-longest tenure in state history. Under Chief Alley, the department acquired its first Juvenile Division, K-9 Corps, Rape Crisis Center, and Special Weapons and Tactics teams. He also presided over the desegregation of the department and coordinated efforts during the 1970 tornadoes.^[71] As of 2015, the department had 403 officers.^[72]

Education[edit]

Schools[edit]

Lubbock High School

Schools in Lubbock are operated by several public school districts and independent organizations.

Public schools:

• Lubbock Independent School District


• Frenship Independent School District


• Lubbock-Cooper Independent School District


• Roosevelt Independent School District

Private schools:

• All Saints Episcopal School


• Christ the King Cathedral School


• Trinity Christian School


• Lubbock Christian School


• Kingdom Preparatory Academy


• Southcrest Christian School

Charter schools:
Harmony Science Academy, Sharp Academy

Higher education[edit]

Texas Tech University

Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, which was established on February 10, 1923, as Texas Technological College. It is the leading institution of the Texas Tech University System and has the seventh-largest enrollment in the state of Texas. It is the only school in Texas to house an undergraduate institution, law school, and medical school at the same location. Altogether, the university has educated students from all 50 US states and over 100 foreign countries. Enrollment has continued to increase in recent years, and growth is on track with a plan to have 40,000 students by 2020.

Lubbock is also home to other college campuses in the city, including Lubbock Christian University, South Plains College, Wayland Baptist University, Virginia College, Kaplan College, and Sunset International Bible Institute.

Covenant Health System, a health care provider serving West Texas and Eastern New Mexico, operates a school of nursing, school of radiography, and school of surgical technology.

Media[edit]

Lubbock's main newspaper is the daily Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, which is owned by Morris Communications. The newspaper also publishes a full-color lifestyle magazine, Lubbock Magazine,^[73] eight times a year. Texas Tech University publishes a student-run daily newspaper called The Daily Toreador.

Local TV stations include KTTZ-TV-5 (PBS), KCBD-11 (NBC), KLBK-13 (CBS), KAMC-28 (ABC), and KJTV-TV-34 (Fox).

Texas Tech University Press, the book and journal publishing office of Texas Tech University, was founded in 1971 and as of 2012, has approximately 400 scholarly, regional, literary, and children's titles in print.

Infrastructure[edit]

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Lubbock District Parole Office in Lubbock.^[74]

The Texas Department of Transportation operates the West Regional Support Center and Lubbock District Office in Lubbock.^[75][76]

The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Lubbock.

Transportation[edit]

Highways[edit]

Downtown Lubbock seen from I-27

Lubbock is served by major highways. Interstate 27 (the former Avenue H) links the city to Amarillo and Interstate 40, a transcontinental route. I-27 was completed through the city in 1992 (it originally terminated just north of downtown). Other major highways include US 62 and US 82, which run concurrently (except for 4th Street (82) and 19th Street (62)) through the city east–west as the Marsha Sharp Freeway, 19th Street (62 only), 4th Street/Parkway Drive (82 only) and Idalou Highway. US 84 (Avenue Q/Slaton Highway/Clovis Road) is also another east–west route running NW/SE diagonally. US Highway 87 runs between San Angelo and Amarillo and follows I-27 concurrently. State Highway 114 runs east–west, following US 62/82 on the east before going its own way. Lubbock is circled by Loop 289, which suffers from traffic congestion despite being a potential bypass around the city, which is the reason behind I-27 and Brownfield Highway being built through the city to have freeway traffic flow effectively inside the loop.

The city is set up on a simple grid plan. In the heart of the city, numbered streets run east–west and lettered avenues run north–south – the grid begins at Avenue A in the east and First Street in the north. North of First Street, city planners chose to name streets alphabetically from the south to the north after colleges and universities. The north–south avenues run from A to Y. What would be Avenue Z is actually University Avenue, since it runs along the east side of Texas Tech. Beyond that, the A-to-Z convention resumes, using US cities found east of the Mississippi (e.g. Akron Avenue, Boston Avenue, Canton Avenue). Again, the Z name is not used, with Slide Road appearing in its place.

Rail service[edit]

Lubbock currently does not provide inter-city rail service, although various proposals have been presented over the years to remedy this. One, the Caprock Chief, would have seen daily service as part of a Fort Worth, Texas—Denver, Colorado service, but it failed to gain traction.^[77] Lubbock is serviced by the BNSF Railway company, Plainsman Switching Company (PSC) and West Texas & Lubbock Railway (WTLC). PSC interchanges with BNSF (also with UP through a UP-BNSF Haulage agreement) in Lubbock and has 19 miles of track with in city limits of Lubbock with 36 customers. There are options for transloading a variety of things on the line from wind turbine parts to steel shafts. PSC handles many commodities such as cottonseed, cottonseed oil, cottonseed meal, cottonseed hulls, milo, corn, wheat, pinto beans, sand, rock, lumber, non-perishable food items, chemical, paper products, brick, bagging material, and can also store cars. WTLC interchanges with BNSF (also with UP through a UP-BNSF Haulage agreement) in Lubbock. WTLC has a yard on the west side of Lubbock where they switch cars to go down their line to Levelland or to Brownfield. WTLC handles commodities of grains, chemicals, sands, peanuts, lumber, etc.

Airports[edit]

Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport

The city's air services are provided by Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport, which is named for the Lubbock businessman who became lieutenant governor and governor of Texas. It is located on the northeast side of the city. The airport is the eighth-busiest airport in Texas. Lubbock Preston Smith Airport also plays host as a major hub to FedEx's feeder planes that serve cities around Lubbock.

Intercity bus service[edit]

Greyhound Lines operates the Lubbock Station at 801 Broadway, just east of the Lubbock County Courthouse.^[78]

Public transportation[edit]

Public transportation is provided by Citibus, a bus transit system running Monday through Saturday every week with a transit center hub in downtown. It runs bus routes throughout the city, with the main routes converging at the Downtown Transfer Plaza, which also houses the Greyhound bus terminal. Citibus has been in continual service since 1971, when the city of Lubbock took over public transit operations. The paratransit system is called Citiaccess.

Citibus' six diesel-electric hybrid buses have begun service on city routes. Managers hope the buses will use 60% of the fuel that their older, larger versions consume in moving customers across the city. The buses seat 23 passengers, can support full-sized wheelchairs and will run on all but two city-based routes.

Modal characteristics[edit]

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 80.9% of working Lubbock (city) residents commuted by driving alone, 12.9% carpooled, 1% used public transportation, and 1.5% walked. About 1.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 2.3% worked at home.^[79]

In 2015, 7.3 percent of Lubbock households were without a car, which decreased to 5.6 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Lubbock averaged 1.74 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.^[80]

Milwaukee Avenue[edit]

In the early years of the 21st century, Lubbock turned its Milwaukee Avenue into a major thoroughfare. Previously, Milwaukee was a four-mile dirt road on farm land with hardly any traffic located a mile or more from major development. With growth headed westward, the city allocated nearly $20 million to convert the dirt road into a seven-lane concrete thoroughfare. In 2004, the city funded the project and other developments to come by establishing a new fund that tapped part of the franchise fees received. As of 2018, more than $124 million in street construction has been possible from the fund, including Slide Road, 98th Street, Indiana Avenue, and the last phases of the Marsha Sharp Freeway. Public Works Director Wood Franklin said that Milwaukee Avenue was conceived on the "build it and they will come" theory. Marc McDougal, then the mayor of Lubbock, described the project was a well calculated risk which subsequently greatly benefited the city.^[81]

Notable people[edit]

The city has been the birthplace or home of several musicians, including Buddy Holly,^[82]Delbert McClinton,^[83]Jimmie Dale Gilmore,^[84]Butch Hancock,^[85] and Joe Ely^[86] (collectively known as The Flatlanders), Mac Davis,^[87]Terry Allen,^[88]Lloyd Maines^[89] and his daughter, Dixie Chicks singer, Natalie Maines,^[90]

Texas Tech alumni Jay Boy Adams, Pat Green,^[91]Cory Morrow, Wade Bowen, Josh Abbott, Amanda Shires and Coronado High School graduate Richie McDonald^[92] (lead singer of Lonestar until 2007).

Pete Orta^{[citation needed]} of the Christian rock group Petra, Christian artist Josh Wilson,^[93]Norman Carl Odam (aka The Legendary Stardust Cowboy),^[94]

Basketball players Craig Ehlo^[95] and Daniel Santiago,^[96] and football players Ron Reeves and Mason Crosby^[90] have also called Lubbock home.

Former MLB pitcher, Greg Minton.

Boxers Ruben Castillo,^[97]Terry Norris and Orlin Norris^[98] were born in Lubbock, as was basketball player and coach Micheal Ray Richardson.^[99]

National Motorcycle Champion, Don Wayne (Bubba Shobert) was born and went to school in Lubbock.

Actor Barry Corbin went to Monterey high school, and Texas Tech University.

Mark Payne is an American professional basketball player who plays for Champagne Châlons Reims Basket of the LNB Pro A.

Blake Kirbo

The city is also the birthplace of actor Chace Crawford (The Covenant, Gossip Girl),^[100]

Singer Travis Garland of the band NLT^{[citation needed]}, musician, writer, composer, singer, producer and LGBT activist Logan Lynn, artist Joshua Meyer and political activist William John Cox (Billy Jack Cox).

Public speaker and televangelist Kenneth Copeland was born in Lubbock.^[90]

Lubbock is the home of the historians Alwyn Barr,^[101]Dan Flores,^[102]Allan J. Kuethe,^[103]Paul H. Carlson, and Ernest Wallace.^[104]

Bidal Aguero, a civil rights activist in Lubbock, was the publisher of the longest-running Hispanic newspaper in Texas.^[105]

Author Micah Wright was born in Lubbock.^[90]

Gabor B. Racz, professor of anesthesiology at Texas Tech University Health Science Center, is the inventor of the Racz Catheter.^[106]

Kevin Williamson, National Review Roving Correspondent, grew up in Lubbock and once worked for the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal.

Steven Berk, dean of medicine at the Texas Tech Health Science Center and a specialist in infectious diseases, wrote in 2011 Anatomy of a Kidnapping: A Doctor's Story, based on his four-hour kidnapping in 2005 while he was living in Amarillo.^[107]

Lawyer, lexicographer and teacher Bryan A. Garner was born in Lubbock.^[90]J. Michael Bailey, psychologist and professor at Northwestern University was born in Lubbock.^[90]Spencer Wells, a geneticist, grew up in Lubbock and graduated from Lubbock High School.

United States Army officer Taylor Force after whom the Taylor Force Act was named is from Lubbock.

Lubbock's founding mayor was Frank E. Wheelock, who held the office from 1909 to 1915. State Senator William H. Bledsoe in 1923 pushed for the legislation and the first $1 million appropriation which brought Texas Tech University to Lubbock.^[108] State Representative Richard M. Chitwood, chairman of the House Education Committee, became the first Texas Tech business manager but served for only fifteen months prior to his death in Dallas in 1926.^[109] Representative Roy Alvin Baldwin of Slaton was co-author with Bledsoe of the Texas Tech legislation.^[110]

Recent state legislators from Lubbock include State Senators John T. Montford^[111] and Robert L. Duncan,^[112] former State Representatives Carl Isett,^[113] Isett's successor, John Frullo,^[114]Ron Givens, the first African-American Republican in the Texas House since 1882,^[115] and his predecessor, Delwin Jones^{[citation needed]}, and Jones' successor, Charles Perry.^[116] It is the birthplace of the late U.S. Representative Mickey Leland of Houston.^[117]W. E. Shattuc^{[citation needed]}, who raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 1925, 1926 and 1927, lived in Lubbock. Preston Earnest Smith, a long-time resident of Lubbock, was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973 and earlier served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969.^[118]

Sister cities[edit]

Current sister cities[edit]

• 
  City of Musashino, Tokyo, Japan – relationship established 1983^[119]

Former sister cities[edit]

• 
  City of León, Guanajuato, Mexico – relationship established 1985^[119]

Proposed sister cities[edit]

• 
  City of Can Tho, Vietnam^[119]


• 
  City of Ulsan, South Korea^[119]


• 
  Ciudad Acuña, Mexico^[120]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• 
  Abbe, Donald R. & Carlson, Paul H. (2008). Historic Lubbock County: An Illustrated History. Historical Pub Network. ISBN 978-1-893619-90-6. An illustrated history of Lubbock


• 
  Pfluger, Marsha (2004). Across Time and Territory: A Walk through the National Ranching Heritage Center. National Ranching Heritage Center. ISBN 978-0-9759360-0-9.
  


• 
  Bogener, Stephen, and Tydeman, William, editors (2011). Llano Estacado: An Island in the Sky. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-682-6.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) The world's largest expanse of flat land, in words and images


• 
  Neal, Bill (2009). Sex, Murder, and the Unwritten Law: Courting Judicial Mayhem, Texas Style. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-662-8.
  


• 
  Cochran, Mike & Lumpkin, John (1999). West Texas: A Portrait of Its People and Their Raw and Wondrous Land. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-426-6. Anecdotes from the region


• 
  Martin, Conny McDonald (2003). Art Lives in West Texas. Pecan Press. ISBN 978-0-9670928-1-2. The History of the Lubbock Art Association and of art activities in Lubbock and surrounding counties

External links[edit]

• Official website


• Visit Lubbock


• 
  Geographic data related to Lubbock, Texas at OpenStreetMap