隱變量理論
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隱變量理論（英语：hidden variable theory）又稱隱變數理論，是由物理學家質疑量子力學完備性而提出的替代理論。歷史上隨著量子力學的發展，而提出了海森堡不確定原理等限制，一別於古典物理，諸如位置與動量等無法同時精準測出其值；此外關於粒子位置等特性由機率密度描述所取代。一些物理學家例如愛因斯坦，認為量子力學並未完整地描述物理系統的狀態，亦即質疑量子力學是不完備的。因此量子力學的背後應該隱藏了一個尚未發現的理論，可以完整解釋物理系統所有可觀測量的演化行為，而避免掉任何不確定性或隨機性。
歷史上愛因斯坦是隱變量理論的主要倡導者，出於對標準量子力學詮釋的機率性解釋的不滿。[1]他曾說：「我相信上帝不擲骰子。」[2]
1935年，愛因斯坦與波多爾斯基、羅森共同提出的EPR悖論（以姓氏字首為縮寫）試圖對哥本哈根詮釋做出挑戰，論文中指出「實在性元素」（即隱變量）應該加入量子力學中，俾使在量子纏結現象中不會出現鬼魅般的超距作用。在提出後，這樣的爭辯仍停留在物理哲學的範疇，直到約翰·貝爾提出貝爾定理方得區分兩者差異。透過實驗證實：一定類型的局域隱變量理論與實驗結果不相符，包括EPR佯謬中提出的詮釋版本。非局域（廣域）的隱變量理論最知名者為德布羅意-玻姆理論。
目录
1 參考資料
1.1 文内引用
1.2 延伸阅读
2 外部連接
參考資料
文内引用
^ The Born-Einstein letters: correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916-1955, with commentaries by Max Born. Macmillan. 1971: 158.
^ 愛因斯坦與馬克斯·玻恩的私人通信（1926年12月4日）：Albert Einstein Archives reel 8, item 180
延伸阅读
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Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?" Physical Review 47, 777–780 (1935).
John Stewart Bell, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox", Physics 1, (1964) 195–200. Reprinted in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
D. Bohm and B. J. Hiley, The Undivided Universe, Routledge, 1993
Wolfgang Pauli, letter to M. Fierz dated 10 August 1954, reprinted and translated in K. V. Laurikainen, Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, p. 226.
Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations, translated by A. J. Pomerans, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, pp. 63–64.
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard Diu and Franck Laloë, Mecanique quantique (see also Quantum Mechanics translated from the French by Susan Hemley, Nicole Ostrowsky, and Dan Ostrowsky; John Wiley & Sons 1982) Hermann, Paris, France. 1977.
P. S. Hanle, Indeterminacy before Heisenberg: The Case of Franz Exner and Erwin Schrödinger, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 10, 225 (1979).
Asher Peres and Wojciech Zurek, "Is quantum theory universally valid?" American Journal of Physics 50, 807 (1982).
Wojciech Zurek "Environment-induced superselection rules" Physical Review D 26 1862. 1982.
Max Jammer, "The EPR Problem in Its Historical Development", in Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics: 50 years of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Gedankenexperiment, edited by P. Lahti and P. Mittelstaedt (World Scientific, Singapore, 1985), pp. 129–149.
Arthur Fine, The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1986.
Thomas Kuhn. Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 Chicago University Press. 1987.
Asher Peres, Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.
Carlton M. Caves and Christopher A. Fuchs, "Quantum Information: How Much Information in a State Vector?", in The Dilemma of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen – 60 Years Later, edited by A. Mann and M. Revzen, Ann. Israel Physical Society 12, 226–257 (1996).
Carlo Rovelli. "Relational quantum mechanics" International Journal of Theoretical Physics 35 1637–1678. 1996.
Roland Omnès, Understanding Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, 1999.
Roman Jackiw and Daniel Kleppner, "One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics", Science, Vol. 289 Issue 5481, p. 893, August 2000.
Orly Alter and Yoshihisa Yamamoto. Quantum Measurement of a Single System (PDF). Wiley-Interscience. 2001. 136 pp. ISBN 9780471283089. doi:10.1002/9783527617128. Slides. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-03）.
Erich Joos, et al., Decoherence and the Appearance of a Classical World in Quantum Theory, 2nd ed., Berlin, Springer, 2003.
Wojciech Zurek (2003). "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical — Revisited", arXiv:quant-ph/0306072 (An updated version of Physics Today, 44:36–44 (1991) article)
Wojciech Zurek, "Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical" in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.75, (715).
Asher Peres and Daniel Terno, "Quantum Information and Relativity Theory", Reviews of Modern Physics 76 (2004) 93.
Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Alfred Knopf 2004.
Maximilian Schlosshauer, "Decoherence, the Measurement Problem, and Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics", in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.76, pages 1267–1305, 2005.
Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli. "Relational Quantum Mechanics" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2005 Edition).
Marco Genovese, "Research on hidden variable theories: a review of recent progresses", in Physics Reports, vol.413, 2005.
外部連接
The David Bohm Society （英语）.
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