鯨偶蹄目
Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
鯨偶蹄類 化石時期: 55–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 鯨偶蹄目(学名:Cetartiodactyla)是一個包含了传统鯨目及偶蹄目的演化支。這個演化支一般是用來描述鯨魚(包括海豚)是從偶蹄目中演化而來。根據遗传学分析,鯨魚現存最亲近的近親是河馬。鯨魚與河馬的分支則稱為河馬形類(Whippomorpha,有建議使用Cetancodonta但未普及)。依此定义,剔除了鲸目的旧有偶蹄目分类将是个并系群。 在起初,鯨偶蹄類的定义原是指鯨目是偶蹄目的旁系姊妹分類,而非從偶蹄目演化。從此定義來看,所有偶蹄目(包括河馬)之間才是近親,而鯨魚是偶蹄类的旁系群。 鯨魚演化自陸上的哺乳動物,並形成了一個單系群。一般都接受鯨魚是從單一的祖先演化下來。於1990年代前,最廣泛接受的鯨魚近親是已滅絕的中爪獸目。中爪獸目是有蹄的及主要是肉食性的哺乳動物。但現今很少學者認同這個說法,一般只認同中爪獸目是鯨偶蹄類的近親,而非鯨魚的祖先。 目录
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劳亚兽总目 Laurasiatheria |
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鲸偶蹄目各主要演化支的关系如下(河马形类学说):
鲸偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla |
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分支
形態學及古生物學對鯨魚與其他哺乳動物的關係亦於1990年代後出現很大變化。一些化石發現(如羅德侯鯨)顯示鯨魚並非從中爪獸目衍生或與其是近親。很多學者支持成立鯨偶蹄目的分支,但亦有很多不支持鯨魚是從河馬演化的說法,故认为偶蹄目仍然是一個有效的分支,而鯨偶蹄類則可能是一個大目或總目。
大部份基於形態特徵而進行的種系發生學分析都發現了鯨魚/河馬分支,但卻顯示鯨目及偶蹄目互相距離很遠。距骨的特徵一般都被引證偶蹄目的單源性。
河馬化石直至中新世才出現,但鯨魚祖先則可以早達始新世。鯨魚/河馬假說出現了一個接近3000萬年沒有河馬祖先存在的空隙。一些石炭獸科被指是河馬的祖先,但卻得不到支持。无论如何,鯨魚/河馬学说认为鲸类与河马类在6000万年前拥有共同的半水栖祖先[2],直到5400万年前才分化成两支[3],其中一支演化成鲸类,可能始于5200万年前的巴基鲸及其他古鲸亚目近亲,它们渐渐适应水栖生活的,最后演化成完全水生的鲸类[4]。因此,此学说认为鲸偶蹄類才是有效的单系群分类。
參考文献
维基物种中的分类信息:鯨偶蹄目 |
^ Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang. Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals. Systematic Biology. 2011, 61 (1): 150–164. PMC 3243735. PMID 21900649. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.
^ Scientists find missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo. Science News Daily. 2005-01-25 [2007-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2007-03-04).
^ Ursing,B.M.; U. Arnason. Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus-whale clade. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 1998, 265 (1412): 2251–5. PMC 1689531. PMID 9881471. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0567. 引文使用过时参数coauthor (帮助)
^ Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Fabrice Lihoreau and Michel Brunet. The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. February 2005, 102 (5): 1537–1541. PMC 547867. PMID 15677331. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409518102. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
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