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馬克西穆斯競技場
Circus Massimus
馬克西穆斯競技場; Circus Massimus
	;
基本信息
位置	; 義大利羅馬市;
坐標	; 坐标：41°53′09″N 12°29′09″E / 41.8859°N 12.4857°E / 41.8859; 12.4857;
詳細規格
長度	; 621公尺（2,037英尺）
寬度	; 118公尺（387英尺）

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羅馬帝國時期的地圖，馬克西穆斯競技場位於右下角

馬克西穆斯競技場（意大利語：Circo Massimo，拉丁語：Circus Maximus，意為「大競技場」）是一個古羅馬競技場，位於義大利羅馬市，坐落於阿文提諾山與帕拉蒂尼山之間。馬克西穆斯競技場是古羅馬時代第一個競技場，也是最大的一座。馬克西穆斯競技場長621公尺（2,037英尺），寬118公尺（387英尺），可以容納150,000人^[1]。馬克西穆斯競技場也是古羅馬時代建造競技場的典範。

歷史

古羅馬時代

屋大維耗費巨資從埃及赫里奧波里斯帶回來的方尖碑，目前放置於人民廣場

在古羅馬著名的歷史學家蒂托·李維巨作《羅馬史》中，描述伊特拉斯坎文明的羅馬國王曾經計畫在競技場高處建造王座，以供羅馬騎士階級與貴族來使用。羅馬王政時代第七任君主盧修斯·塔克文·蘇佩布則在低處為平民設置座位。除此之外，直到羅馬王國晚期，馬克西穆斯競技場很可能仍然小於附近農田的道路，雖然這些道路目前已經消失不見，但是競技場內的木製座位因為容易毀壞，所以經常整修或重建。這些木製座位後來在羅馬王政時代被石製座位所取代。

共和國時代

在西元前494年，獨裁官馬克西穆斯與其後裔獲得權力在東南端設置高官座（curule sea），這裡擁有觀賞競賽的絕佳視野^[2]。西元前190年，在監察官的命令之下，跑道兩旁開始設置石製座位，以供元老院成員就坐^[3]。

西元前329年開始建造永久性的木造隔間，表面經過粉刷顯得相當明亮^[4]，前面則有一個匝口，每一個匝口與中央競技場的距離相當。理論上，競技場可以容納25組四馬雙輪戰車並排使用。到了共和國時代晚期至帝國時代早期，馬克西穆斯競技場擁有12個隔間，而12組四馬雙輪戰車可以同時在場上奔馳。人們可以對每個隔間進行投注，而不同的組別也用顏色區別出來^[5]。至少從西元前174年開始，人們使用卡斯特與巴勒克斯（Castor and Pollux）蛋雕像來預測馬匹的騎士。西元前33年，巨大的銅製海豚形計數器被設置在競技場中^[6]。

凱薩在西元前50年繼續擴張馬克西穆斯競技場，將座位延伸至跑道範圍內。當時馬克西穆斯競技場長621公尺（2,037英尺），寬118公尺（387英尺）。而跑道周圍的水道遭到截斷。歷史學家並不知道馬克西穆斯競技場當時擁有多少座位，古羅馬作家老普林尼認為有250,000個座位^[7]，但是這個數字不太可信，比較可能是150,000個座位。木製的露天看台於西元前31年被火焚毀^[8]
。

帝國時代

馬克西穆斯競技場遺跡

屋大維後來將西元前31年遭火焚毀的部分修復完成，部分材料取自屋大維耗費巨資從埃及赫里奧波里斯帶回來的方尖碑，這些方尖碑是埃及人獻給埃及太陽神的象徵^[9]。形容馬克西穆斯競技場是羅馬最美麗、最令人稱羨的建築。

可能是因為馬克西穆斯競技場擁有匝口的緣故，所以競技場原本容易遭到水災侵襲^[10]，直到克勞狄一世在競技場設置防災設施後才得以改善。因為競技場的露天看台與工作房是木造建築，所以容易遭受火災侵襲。西元64年，馬克西穆斯競技場在提庇留統治時期遭遇到一次大火，並造成嚴重的傷害。後來馬克西穆斯競技場重新修復完成後，仍然舉行許多競賽與慶典。

西元81年，元老院為了紀念提圖斯，在馬克西穆斯競技場建造一座凱旋門，取代原本的凱旋門。圖密善後來建造一座複合宮殿與馬克西穆斯競技場相連結。因為圖密善喜歡觀賞競賽，所以他在遇刺之前，已經決定修繕馬克西穆斯競技場。在圖拉真時代後，馬克西穆斯競技場並未有重大改變。一些皇帝於競技場中設置一些紀念物，而卡拉卡拉則新建隔間的匝口^[11]。

羅馬帝國之後

隨著基督教成為羅馬帝國的官方宗教，羅馬人的傳統競技逐漸式微，馬克西穆斯競技場使用的機會也越來越少。最後一次於馬克西穆斯競技場舉行鬥獸活動是在523年，而東哥德國王巴杜伊拉（Baduila）於549年最後一次於馬克西穆斯競技場舉辦田徑比賽^[12]。

12世紀時，一條水道建設完成，用來灌溉農田。到了1500年時，這個地區成為市集廣場^[13]。

現狀

馬克西穆斯競技場只有一小部分保存至今，包括跑道與中央柵欄的外圍。一些匝口仍然存在，但是大部分的座位都已經消失了。教宗思道五世於1587年將方尖碑移到其他地方，其中一根目前位於人民廣場。

馬克西穆斯競技場

延伸閱讀

Filippo Coarelli, Guide archéologique de Rome, 1991, p. 225-228 (ISBN 2-01-235428-9)

Jean-Paul Thuillier, Le Sport dans la Rome Antique, Paris, Errance, 1997

Humphrey, John, Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing, University of California Press, 1986.^[14]

參考資料

^ This is a modern recalculation of the seating capacity at the Circus, a substantial downward revision of Pliny the Elder's estimate of 250,000. For discussion see Humphrey, p. 216.

^ In the earliest exercise of the right, a curule chair would have been brought to the spot; its permanent positioning there is unlikely. See Humphrey, p. 61.

^ Livy has the plebs seated "promiscuously" (antea in promiscuo spectabant) up to then: see Humphrey, 70.

^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 8.20.1

^ Humphrey, p. 171; the gates probably used the same animal-sinew torsion springing as the Roman ballista; Ibid, pp. 137 - 138: opposing teams of Reds and Whites are prominent in late Republican literature, and Greens and Blues in the Imperial era. Some Roman authors held that team-racing in multiple colours dated back to the regal era. Ibid, p. 175 for allocation of stalls by lottery.

^ Humphrey, pp. 261 - 5.

^ Filippo Coarelli, Guide archéologique de Rome, p. 224

^ Pliny the Elder's figure of 250,000 circus seats is unreliable; it ignores the necessary interruptions of seating rows by many access stairways and corridors. It might represent a per foot run seating estimate, or include those watching from the nearby heights, outside the building proper. In late Imperial regionary catalogues, seating estimates for the Circus become even wilder; one gives an impossible 450,000 seats. Discussion is in Humphrey, p. 126.

^ It was quarried and first dedicated in the reign of Seti I

^ The Ludi Martiales of AD 12 were temporarily transferred from the Circus, after a flood.

^ Humphrey, pp. 80, 102, 126 - 9. Some repairs were unforeseen and extensive, such as those carried out in Diocletian's reign, after the collapse of a substantial section of seating, which killed some 13,000 people.

^ Bowersock, G., Green, P., Grabar, O., Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 674; citing Procopius, The Gothic Wars, 3. 37. 4.[1] For the last known beast-hunt at the Circus, see Humphrey, p. 131. Humphrey describes the last known Circus event (549) as "games".

^ Partner, Peter, Renaissance Rome, 1500-1559: a portrait of a society, University of Claifornia Press, 1976, pp.4, 166.googlebooks preview

^ [2]

外部連結

三維重建馬克西穆斯的競技場 - www.italyrome.info

James Grout: Circus Maximus, part of the Encyclopædia Romana

Circus Maximus Ipix 360° panorama

Circus Maximus Art & History

維基共享資源中有關馬克西穆斯競技場的多媒體資源

[1] This is a modern recalculation of the seating capacity at the Circus, a substantial downward revision of Pliny the Elder's estimate of 250,000. For discussion see Humphrey, p. 216.

[2] In the earliest exercise of the right, a curule chair would have been brought to the spot; its permanent positioning there is unlikely. See Humphrey, p. 61.

[3] Livy has the plebs seated "promiscuously" (antea in promiscuo spectabant) up to then: see Humphrey, 70.

[4] Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 8.20.1

[5] Humphrey, p. 171; the gates probably used the same animal-sinew torsion springing as the Roman ballista; Ibid, pp. 137 - 138: opposing teams of Reds and Whites are prominent in late Republican literature, and Greens and Blues in the Imperial era. Some Roman authors held that team-racing in multiple colours dated back to the regal era. Ibid, p. 175 for allocation of stalls by lottery.

[6] Humphrey, pp. 261 - 5.

[fc224-7] Filippo Coarelli, Guide archéologique de Rome, p. 224

[8] Pliny the Elder's figure of 250,000 circus seats is unreliable; it ignores the necessary interruptions of seating rows by many access stairways and corridors. It might represent a per foot run seating estimate, or include those watching from the nearby heights, outside the building proper. In late Imperial regionary catalogues, seating estimates for the Circus become even wilder; one gives an impossible 450,000 seats. Discussion is in Humphrey, p. 126.

[9] It was quarried and first dedicated in the reign of Seti I

[10] The Ludi Martiales of AD 12 were temporarily transferred from the Circus, after a flood.

[11] Humphrey, pp. 80, 102, 126 - 9. Some repairs were unforeseen and extensive, such as those carried out in Diocletian's reign, after the collapse of a substantial section of seating, which killed some 13,000 people.

[12] Bowersock, G., Green, P., Grabar, O., Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 674; citing Procopius, The Gothic Wars, 3. 37. 4.[1] For the last known beast-hunt at the Circus, see Humphrey, p. 131. Humphrey describes the last known Circus event (549) as "games".

[13] Partner, Peter, Renaissance Rome, 1500-1559: a portrait of a society, University of Claifornia Press, 1976, pp.4, 166.googlebooks preview

[14] [2]

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