Skip to main content

Gale (crater)








Gale (crater)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation
Jump to search


Not to be confused with Galle (Martian crater).










Gale crater

Curiosity Cradled by Gale Crater.jpg

Aeolis Mons rises from the middle of the crater - the green dot marks the Curiosity rover landing site in Aeolis Palus (click the image to expand, the dot is barely visible at this scale.) North is down in this image.

Planet
Mars
Coordinates
5°24′S 137°48′E / 5.4°S 137.8°E / -5.4; 137.8Coordinates: 5°24′S 137°48′E / 5.4°S 137.8°E / -5.4; 137.8
Diameter
154 km (96 mi)[1]
Eponym
Walter Frederick Gale

Gale is a crater, and probable dry lake, on Mars near the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle at 5°24′S 137°48′E / 5.4°S 137.8°E / -5.4; 137.8.[2] It is 154 km (96 mi) in diameter[1] and estimated to be about 3.5-3.8 billion years old.[3] The crater was named after Walter Frederick Gale, an amateur astronomer from Sydney, Australia, who observed Mars in the late 19th century.[4]Aeolis Mons is a mountain in the center of Gale and rises 5.5 km (18,000 ft) high.[5][6]Aeolis Palus is the plain between the northern wall of Gale and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons.[5][6]Peace Vallis,[7] a nearby outflow channel, 'flows' down from the Gale crater hills to the Aeolis Palus below and seems to have been carved by flowing water.[8][9][10]


The NASA Mars rover Curiosity, of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, landed in "Yellowknife" Quad 51[11][12][13][14] of Aeolis Palus in Gale at 05:32 UTC August 6, 2012.[15] NASA named the landing location Bradbury Landing on August 22, 2012.[16]Curiosity is exploring Aeolis Mons and surrounding areas.




Contents





  • 1 Description


  • 2 Characteristics


  • 3 Spacecraft exploration


  • 4 Images


  • 5 Surface images


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links




Description[edit]




Colorized shaded relief map of Gale crater. The general landing area for Curiosity on the northwestern crater floor, named Aeolis Palus, is circled. (HRSC data)


Gale crater, named for Walter F. Gale (1865-1945), an amateur astronomer from Australia, spans 154 km (96 mi) in diameter and holds a mountain, Aeolis Mons (informally named "Mount Sharp" to pay tribute to geologist Robert P. Sharp) rising 18,000 ft (5,500 m) from the crater floor, higher than Mount Rainier rises above Seattle. Gale is roughly the size of Connecticut and Rhode Island.


The crater formed when a meteor hit Mars in its early history, about 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago. The meteor impact punched a hole in the terrain, and the subsequent explosion ejected rocks and soil that landed around the crater. Layering in the central mound (Aeolis Mons) suggests it is the surviving remnant of an extensive sequence of deposits. Some scientists believe the crater filled in with sediments and, over time, the relentless Martian winds carved Aeolis Mons, which today rises about 5.5 km (3.4 mi) above the floor of Gale—three times higher than the Grand Canyon is deep.[17]


At 10:32 p.m. PDT on Aug. 5, 2012 (1:32 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6, 2012), the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity landed on Mars at 4°30′S 137°24′E / 4.5°S 137.4°E / -4.5; 137.4, at the foot of the layered mountain inside Gale crater. Curiosity landed within a landing ellipse approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) by 20 km (12 mi). The landing ellipse is about 4,400 m (14,400 ft) below Martian "sea level" (defined as the average elevation around the equator). The expected near-surface atmospheric temperatures at the landing site during Curiosity's primary mission (1 Martian year or 687 Earth days) are from −90 °C (−130 °F) to 0 °C (32 °F).


Scientists chose Gale as the landing site for Curiosity because it has many signs that water was present over its history. The crater's geology is notable for containing both clays and sulfate minerals, which form in water under different conditions and may also preserve signs of past life. The history of water at Gale, as recorded in its rocks, is giving Curiosity lots of clues to study as it pieces together whether Mars ever could have been a habitat for microbes. Gale Crater contains a number of fans and deltas that provide information about lake levels in the past, including: Pancake Delta, Western Delta, Farah Vallis delta and the Peace Vallis Fan.[18]



Characteristics[edit]


An unusual feature of Gale is an enormous mound of "sedimentary debris"[19] around its central peak, officially named Aeolis Mons[5][6] (popularly known as "Mount Sharp"[20][21]) rising 5.5 km (18,000 ft) above the northern crater floor and 4.5 km (15,000 ft) above the southern crater floor—slightly taller than the southern rim of the crater itself. The mound is composed of layered material and may have been laid down over a period of around 2 billion years.[3] The origin of this mound is not known with certainty, but research suggests it is the eroded remnant of sedimentary layers that once filled the crater completely, possibly originally deposited on a lakebed.[3] Evidence of fluvial activity was observed early on in the mission at the Shaler outcrop (first observed on Sol 120, investigated extensively between Sols 309-324).[22] Observations made by the rover Curiosity at the Pahrump Hills strongly support the lake hypothesis: sedimentary facies including sub mm-scale horizontally-laminated mudstones, with interbedded fluvial crossbeds are representative of sediments which accumulate in lakes, or on the margins of lakes which grow and contract in response to lake-level.[23] These lake-bed mudstones are refereed to as the Murray formation, and form a significant amount of the Mount Sharp group. The Siccar Point group (named after the famous unconformity at Siccar Point) overlies the Mount Sharp group,[24] and the two units are separated by a major unconformity which dips toward the North.[25] At present, the Stimson formation is the only stratigraphic unit within the Siccar Point group which as been investigated in-detail by Curiosity. The Stimson formation represents the preserved expression of a dry aeolian dune field, where sediment was transported towards the North East by palaeowinds within the crater.[26]


Observations of possible cross-bedded strata on the upper mound suggest aeolian processes, but the origin of the lower mound layers remains ambiguous.[27]


Gale is located at about 5°24′S 137°48′E / 5.4°S 137.8°E / -5.4; 137.8 on Mars.[28]



Spacecraft exploration[edit]


See also: Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory





Curiosity's view of Gale Crater from the slopes (at 327 m (1,073 ft) elevation) of Mount Sharp (video (1:53)) (October 25, 2017)


Numerous channels eroded into the flanks of the crater's central mound could give access to the layers for study.[3] Gale is the landing site of the Curiosity rover, delivered by the Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft,[29] which was launched 26 November 2011 and landed on Mars at Gale crater on the plains of Aeolis Palus[30] on 6 August 2012.[31][32][33][34] Gale was previously a candidate landing site for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rover mission, and has been one of four prospective sites for ESA's ExoMars.[35]


In December 2012, scientists working on the Mars Science Laboratory mission announced that an extensive soil analysis of Martian soil performed by Curiosity showed evidence of water molecules, sulphur and chlorine, as well as hints of organic compounds.[36][37][38] However, terrestrial contamination, as the source of the organic compounds, could not be ruled out.


On September 26, 2013, NASA scientists reported that Curiosity detected "abundant, easily accessible" water (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in soil samples at the Rocknest region of Aeolis Palus in Gale.[39][40][41][42][43][44] In addition, the rover found two principal soil types: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type.[41][43][45] The mafic type, similar to other martian soils and martian dust, was associated with hydration of the amorphous phases of the soil.[45] Also, perchlorates, the presence of which may make detection of life-related organic molecules difficult, were found at the Curiosity landing site (and earlier at the more polar site of the Phoenix lander) suggesting a "global distribution of these salts".[44] NASA also reported that Jake M rock, a rock encountered by Curiosity on the way to Glenelg, was a mugearite and very similar to terrestrial mugearite rocks.[46]


On December 9, 2013, NASA reported that, based on evidence from Curiosity studying Aeolis Palus, Gale contained an ancient freshwater lake which could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life.[47][48]


On December 16, 2014, NASA reported detecting, by the Curiosity rover at Gale Crater, an unusual increase, then decrease, in the amounts of methane in the atmosphere of the planet Mars; in addition, organic chemicals were detected in powder drilled from a rock. Also, based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies, much of the water at Gale Crater on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost.[49][50][51]


On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes and streams existed in Gale crater 3.3 to 3.8 billion years ago delivering sediments to build up the lower layers of Mount Sharp.[52][53]


On June 1, 2017, NASA reported that the Curiosity rover provided evidence of an ancient lake in Gale crater on Mars that could have been favorable for microbial life; the ancient lake was stratified, with shallows rich in oxidants and depths poor in oxidants; and, the ancient lake provided many different types of microbe-friendly environments at the same time. NASA further reported that the Curiosity rover will continue to explore higher and younger layers of Mount Sharp in order to determine how the lake environment in ancient times on Mars became the drier environment in more modern times.[54][55][56]


On August 5, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover mission landing, and related exploratory accomplishments, on the planet Mars.[57][58] (Videos: Curiosity's First Five Years (02:07); Curiosity's POV: Five Years Driving (05:49); Curiosity's Discoveries About Gale Crater (02:54))


On June 7, 2018, NASA's Curiosity made two significant discoveries in the Gale crater. Organic molecules preserved in 3.5 billion-year-old bedrock and seasonal variations in the level of methane in the atmosphere further support the theory that past conditions may have been conducive to life.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] It is possible that a form of water-rock chemistry might have generated the methane, but scientists cannot rule out the possibility of biological origins. Methane previously had been detected in Mars' atmosphere in large, unpredictable plumes. This new result shows that low levels of methane within Gale Crater repeatedly peak in warm, summer months and drop in the winter every year. Organic carbon concentrations were discovered on the order of 10 parts per million or more. This is close to the amount observed in Martian meteorites and about 100 times greater than prior analysis of organic carbon on Mars' surface. Some of the molecules identified include thiophenes, benzene, toluene, and small carbon chains, such as propane or butene.[59]



Images[edit]





  • Mars between day and night, with an area containing Gale crater, beginning to catch the morning light.







  • Maps of Mars - old and new - Gale is noted in the middle of the image.







  • Map of actual (and proposed) rover landing sites including Gale.







  • Map of Elysium Planitia - Gale is in the lower left - Aeolis Mons is in the middle of the crater.







  • Map of Aeolis quadrangle - Gale is in the upper left - Aeolis Mons is in the middle of the crater.







  • Gale crater - surface materials (false colors; THEMIS; 2001 Mars Odyssey).







  • Gale crater landing site is within Aeolis Palus near Aeolis Mons - north is down.







  • Ancient Lake fills Gale Crater on Mars (simulated view).







  • Estimated size of ancient lake on Aeolis Palus in Gale.[47][48]







  • Peace Vallis and alluvial fan near the Curiosity rover landing ellipse and site (noted by +).







  • Gale crater - landing site is noted - also, alluvial fan (blue) and sediment layers in Aeolis Mons (cutaway).







  • Gale crater - topographic and gravity field maps - landing site is noted - Mars gravity model 2011.







  • Aeolis Mons may have formed from the erosion of sediment layers that once filled Gale.







  • Gale sediment layers may have formed by lake or windblown particle deposition.







  • Gale's 'Grand Canyon', as seen by HiRISE - Scale bar is 500 meters long.







  • Curiosity landing site (green dot) - blue dot marks "Glenelg Intrigue" - blue spot marks base of Aeolis Mons - a planned area of study.







  • Curiosity landing site -"quad map" includes "Yellowknife" Quad 51 of Aeolis Palus in Gale crater.







  • Curiosity landing site - "Yellowknife" Quad 51 (1-mi-by-1-mi) of Aeolis Palus in Gale.







  • MSL debris field viewed by HiRISE on August 17, 2012 - parachute is 615 m (2,018 ft) from the rover.[67] (3-D: rover & parachute)







  • Curiosity landing site ("Bradbury Landing") viewed by HiRISE (MRO) (August 14, 2012).







  • First-year and first-mile traverse map of Curiosity on Mars (August 1, 2013) (3-D).







  • Sunset - Gale crater (April 15, 2015).







  • Sunset (animated) - Gale crater (April 15, 2015).





Surface images[edit]





  • Aeolis Palus and Aeolis Mons in Gale as viewed by Curiosity (August 6, 2012).







  • Gale crater rim and floor as viewed by Curiosity (August 9, 2012).







  • Gale rim about 18 km (11 mi) north of Curiosity (August 9, 2012).







  • Layers at the base of Aeolis Mons - dark rock in inset is same size as Curiosity (white balanced image).







  • Aeolis Mons in Gale as viewed by Curiosity (August 9, 2012) (white balanced image).







  • Wheels on Curiosity - Aeolis Mons is in the background (MAHLI, September 9, 2012).







  • "Rocknest" sand patch in Gale - between "Bradbury Landing" and Glenelg (September 28, 2012).





@media all and (max-width:720px).mw-parser-output .tmulti>.thumbinnerwidth:100%!important;max-width:none!important.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsinglefloat:none!important;max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;text-align:center

Evidence of water on Mars in Gale crater[8][9][10]




Peace Vallis and related alluvial fan near the Curiosity landing ellipse and landing site (noted by +).




"Hottah" rock outcrop on Mars - an ancient streambed viewed by Curiosity (September 14, 2012) (close-up) (3-D version).




"Link" rock outcrop on Mars - compared with a terrestrial fluvial conglomerate - suggesting water "vigorously" flowing in a stream.




Curiosity on the way to Glenelg (September 26, 2012).








Curiosity's view of "Mount Sharp" (September 20, 2012; white balanced) (raw color).








Curiosity's view of the "Rocknest" area - south is center/north at both ends; Mount Sharp at SE horizon (somewhat left-of-center); "Glenelg" at East (left-of-center); rover tracks at West (right-of-center) (November 16, 2012; white balanced) (raw color) (interactives).








Curiosity's view of Gale crater walls from Aeolis Palus at "Rocknest" looking eastward toward "Point Lake" (center) on the way to "Glenelg Intrique" - Aeolis Mons is on the right (November 26, 2012; white balanced) (raw color).








Curiosity's view of "Mount Sharp" (September 9, 2015).








Curiosity's view of Mars sky at sunset (February 2013; sun simulated by artist).





See also[edit]





  • Astrobiology

  • Atmosphere of Mars

  • Climate of Mars

  • Composition of Mars

  • Equatorial Layered Deposits

  • Geology of Mars

  • Glenelg, Mars

  • Groundwater on Mars

  • HiRISE

  • Impact crater

  • Impact event

  • Lakes on Mars

  • Life on Mars

  • List of craters on Mars

  • List of mountains on Mars

  • List of mountains on Mars by height

  • List of rocks on Mars

  • List of valles on Mars

  • Ore resources on Mars

  • Peace Vallis

  • Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory

  • Water on Mars




References[edit]




  1. ^ ab "NASA's Next Mars Rover to Land at Gale Crater". NASA. July 22, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-18. 


  2. ^ USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/nomenclature/Feature/2071.


  3. ^ abcd "Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS: Gale Crater's History Book". ASU.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-18. 


  4. ^ Wood, Harley. "Biography - Walter Frederick Gale". ADB.anu.edu.au. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 2012-08-18. 


  5. ^ abc USGS (16 May 2012). "Three New Names Approved for Features on Mars". USGS. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 


  6. ^ abc IAU (16 May 2012). "Planetary Names: Mons, montes: Aeolis Mons on Mars". USGS. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 


  7. ^ IAU Staff (September 26, 2012). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Peace Vallis". IAU. Retrieved September 28, 2012. 


  8. ^ ab Brown, Dwayne; Cole, Steve; Webster, Guy; Agle, D.C. (September 27, 2012). "NASA Rover Finds Old Streambed On Martian Surface". NASA. Retrieved September 28, 2012. 


  9. ^ ab NASA (September 27, 2012). "NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Old Streambed on Mars - video (51:40)". NASAtelevision. Retrieved September 28, 2012. 


  10. ^ ab Chang, Alicia (September 27, 2012). "Mars rover Curiosity finds signs of ancient stream". AP News. Retrieved September 27, 2012. 


  11. ^ NASA Staff (August 10, 2012). "Curiosity's Quad - IMAGE". NASA. Retrieved August 11, 2012. 


  12. ^ Agle, DC; Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (August 9, 2012). "NASA's Curiosity Beams Back a Color 360 of Gale Crate". NASA. Retrieved August 11, 2012. 


  13. ^ Amos, Jonathan (August 9, 2012). "Mars rover makes first colour panorama". BBC News. Retrieved August 9, 2012. 


  14. ^ Halvorson, Todd (August 9, 2012). "Quad 51: Name of Mars base evokes rich parallels on Earth". USA Today. Retrieved August 12, 2012. 


  15. ^ Steve Gorman & Irene Klotz (6 August 2012). "NASA rover Curiosity makes historic Mars landing, beams back photos'". Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2012. 


  16. ^ Brown, Dwayne; Cole, Steve; Webster, Guy; Agle, D.C. (August 22, 2012). "NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing". NASA. Retrieved August 22, 2012. 


  17. ^ Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Mars Science Laboratory: Curiosity's Landing Site: Gale Crater". NASA. Retrieved 2012-08-18. 


  18. ^ Dietrich, W. E.; Palucis, M. C.; Parker, T.; Rubin, D.; Lewis, K.; Sumner, D.; Williams, R.M.E. (2014). Clues to the relative timing of lakes in Gale Crater (PDF) (Report). Eighth International Conference on Mars (2014). 


  19. ^ Staff. "The Mound In Gale Crater". NASA. Retrieved January 5, 2013. 


  20. ^ NASA Staff (27 March 2012). "'Mount Sharp' on Mars Compared to Three Big Mountains on Earth". NASA. Retrieved 31 March 2012. 


  21. ^ Agle, D. C. (28 March 2012). "'Mount Sharp' On Mars Links Geology's Past and Future". NASA. Retrieved 31 March 2012. 


  22. ^ Edgar, Lauren A.; Gupta, Sanjeev; Rubin, David M.; Lewis, Kevin W.; Kocurek, Gary A.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Bell, James F.; Dromart, Gilles; Edgett, Kenneth S. (2017-06-21). "Shaler: in situ analysis of a fluvial sedimentary deposit on Mars". Sedimentology. 65 (1): 96–122. doi:10.1111/sed.12370. ISSN 0037-0746. 


  23. ^ Grotzinger, J. P.; Sumner, D. Y.; Kah, L. C.; Stack, K.; Gupta, S.; Edgar, L.; Rubin, D.; Lewis, K.; Schieber, J. (2014-01-24). "A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars". Science. 343 (6169): 1242777. Bibcode:2014Sci...343A.386G. doi:10.1126/science.1242777. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24324272. 


  24. ^ Fraeman, A. A.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Arvidson, R. E.; Edwards, C. S.; Grotzinger, J. P.; Milliken, R. E.; Quinn, D. P.; Rice, M. S. (2016-09). "The stratigraphy and evolution of lower Mount Sharp from spectral, morphological, and thermophysical orbital data sets". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 121 (9): 1713–1736. Bibcode:2016JGRE..121.1713F. doi:10.1002/2016je005095. ISSN 2169-9097. PMC 5101845 Freely accessible. PMID 27867788.  Check date values in: |date= (help)


  25. ^ A., Watkins, J.; J., Grotzinger,; N., Stein,; G., Banham, S.; S., Gupta,; D., Rubin,; M., Stack, K.; S., Edgett, K. (2016-3). "Paleotopography of Erosional Unconformity, Base of Stimson Formation, Gale Crater, Mars". 47. Bibcode:2016LPI....47.2939W.  Check date values in: |date= (help)


  26. ^ Banham, Steven G.; Gupta, Sanjeev; Rubin, David M.; Watkins, Jessica A.; Sumner, Dawn Y.; Edgett, Kenneth S.; Grotzinger, John P.; Lewis, Kevin W.; Edgar, Lauren A. (2018-04-12). "Ancient Martian aeolian processes and palaeomorphology reconstructed from the Stimson formation on the lower slope of Aeolis Mons, Gale crater, Mars". Sedimentology. 65 (4): 993–1042. doi:10.1111/sed.12469. ISSN 0037-0746. 


  27. ^ Anderson, Ryan B.; Bell, James F., III (2010). "Geologic mapping and characterization of Gale Crater and implications for its potential as a Mars Science Laboratory landing site". The Mars Journal. 5: 76–128. Bibcode:2010IJMSE...5...76A. doi:10.1555/mars.2010.0004. 


  28. ^ "Gale crater". Google Mars. Google. Retrieved 2012-08-18. 


  29. ^ The Associated Press (26 November 2011). "NASA Launches Sophisticated Rover on Journey to Mars". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2011. 


  30. ^ IAU (16 May 2012). "Planetary Names: Palus, paludes: Aeolis Palus on Mars". USGS. Retrieved 2012-05-28. 


  31. ^ "Geometry Drives Selection Date for 2011 Mars Launch". News and Features. NASA/JPL-Caltech. 


  32. ^ Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (22 July 2011). "NASA's Next Mars Rover To Land At Gale Crater". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2011-07-22. 


  33. ^ Chow, Denise (22 July 2011). "NASA's Next Mars Rover to Land at Huge Gale Crater". Space.com. Retrieved 2011-07-22. 


  34. ^ Amos, Jonathan (22 July 2011). "Mars rover aims for deep crater". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-07-22. 


  35. ^ "Mars landing sites down to final four". World News (WN) Network. 


  36. ^ Brown, Dwayne; Webster, Guy; Neal-Jones, Nancy (December 3, 2012). "NASA Mars Rover Fully Analyzes First Martian Soil Samples". NASA. Retrieved December 3, 2012. 


  37. ^ Chang, Ken (December 3, 2012). "Mars Rover Discovery Revealed". New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2012. 


  38. ^ Satherley, Dan (December 4, 2012). "'Complex chemistry' found on Mars". 3 News. Retrieved December 4, 2012. 


  39. ^ Lieberman, Josh (September 26, 2013). "Mars Water Found: Curiosity Rover Uncovers 'Abundant, Easily Accessible' Water In Martian Soil". iSciencetimes. Retrieved September 26, 2013. 


  40. ^ Leshin, L. A.; et al. (September 27, 2013). "Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover". Science. 341 (6153): 1238937. Bibcode:2013Sci...341E...3L. doi:10.1126/science.1238937. PMID 24072926. Retrieved September 26, 2013. 


  41. ^ ab Grotzinger, John (September 26, 2013). "Introduction To Special Issue: Analysis of Surface Materials by the Curiosity Mars Rover". Science. 341 (6153): 1475. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1475G. doi:10.1126/science.1244258. Retrieved September 27, 2013. 


  42. ^ Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Webster, Guy; Martialay, Mary (September 26, 2013). "Curiosity's SAM Instrument Finds Water and More in Surface Sample". NASA. Retrieved September 27, 2013. 


  43. ^ ab Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (September 26, 2013). "Science Gains From Diverse Landing Area of Curiosity". NASA. Retrieved September 27, 2013. 


  44. ^ ab Chang, Kenneth (October 1, 2013). "Hitting Pay Dirt on Mars". New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2013. 


  45. ^ ab Meslin, P.-Y.; et al. (September 26, 2013). "Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars". Science. 341 (6153): 1238670. Bibcode:2013Sci...341E...1M. doi:10.1126/science.1238670. PMID 24072924. Retrieved September 27, 2013. 


  46. ^ Stolper, E.M.; Baker, M.B.; Newcombe, M.E.; Schmidt, M.E.; Treiman, A.H.; Cousin, A.; Dyar, M.D.; Fisk, M.R.; et al. "The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite". Science. AAAS. 341 (6153): 1239463. Bibcode:2013Sci...341E...4S. doi:10.1126/science.1239463. PMID 24072927. Retrieved September 28, 2013. 


  47. ^ ab Chang, Kenneth (December 9, 2013). "On Mars, an Ancient Lake and Perhaps Life". New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2013. 


  48. ^ ab Various (December 9, 2013). "Science - Special Collection - Curiosity Rover on Mars". Science. Retrieved December 9, 2013. 


  49. ^ Webster, Guy; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Brown, Dwayne (December 16, 2014). "NASA Rover Finds Active and Ancient Organic Chemistry on Mars". NASA. Retrieved December 16, 2014. 


  50. ^ Chang, Kenneth (December 16, 2014). "'A Great Moment': Rover Finds Clue That Mars May Harbor Life". New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2014. 


  51. ^ Mahaffy, P.R.; et al. (December 16, 2014). "Mars Atmosphere - The imprint of atmospheric evolution in the D/H of Hesperian clay minerals on Mars". Science. 347: 412–414. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..412M. doi:10.1126/science.1260291. PMID 25515119. Retrieved December 16, 2014. 


  52. ^ Clavin, Whitney (October 8, 2015). "NASA's Curiosity Rover Team Confirms Ancient Lakes on Mars". NASA. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 


  53. ^ Grotzinger, J.P.; et al. (October 9, 2015). "Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars". Science. 350 (6257): aac7575. Bibcode:2015Sci...350.7575G. doi:10.1126/science.aac7575. PMID 26450214. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 


  54. ^ Webster, Guy; Mullane, Laura; Cantillo, Laurie; Brown, Dwayne (May 31, 2017). "High-Silica 'Halos' Shed Light on Wet Ancient Mars". NASA. Retrieved June 1, 2017. 


  55. ^ Webster, Guy; Filiano, Gregory; Perkins, Robert; Cantillo, Laurie; Brown, Dwayne (June 1, 2017). "Curiosity Peels Back Layers on Ancient Martian Lake". NASA. Retrieved June 1, 2017. 


  56. ^ Hurowitz, J.A.; et al. (June 2, 2017). "Redox stratification of an ancient lake in Gale crater, Mars". Science. 356 (6341). Bibcode:2017Sci...356.6849H. doi:10.1126/science.aah6849. Retrieved June 3, 2017. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)


  57. ^ Webster, Guy; Cantillo, Laurie; Brown, Dwayne (August 2, 2017). "Five Years Ago and 154 Million Miles Away: Touchdown!". NASA. Retrieved August 8, 2017. 


  58. ^ Wall, Mike (August 5, 2017). "After 5 Years on Mars, NASA's Curiosity Rover Is Still Making Big Discoveries". Space.com. Retrieved August 8, 2017. 


  59. ^ ab Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, JoAnna; Steigerwald, Bill; Jones, Nancy; Good, Andrew (June 7, 2018). "Release 18-050 - NASA Finds Ancient Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars". NASA. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 


  60. ^ NASA (June 7, 2018). "Ancient Organics Discovered on Mars - video (03:17)". NASA. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 


  61. ^ Wall, Mike (June 7, 2018). "Curiosity Rover Finds Ancient 'Building Blocks for Life' on Mars". Space.com. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 


  62. ^ Chang, Kenneth (June 7, 2018). "Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' - The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018. 


  63. ^ Voosen, Paul (June 7, 2018). "NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars". Science. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 


  64. ^ ten Kate, Inge Loes (June 8, 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. Retrieved June 8, 2018. 


  65. ^ Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (June 8, 2018). "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations". Science. 360 (6393): 1093–1096. doi:10.1126/science.aaaq0131. Retrieved June 8, 2018. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)


  66. ^ Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; et al. (June 8, 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. doi:10.1126/science.aaas9185. Retrieved June 8, 2018. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)


  67. ^ Mars Science Laboratory: Multimedia-Images



External links[edit]





  • Google Mars scrollable map - centered on Gale Crater.


  • Gale Crater - Curiosity rover "StreetView" (Sol 2 - 08/08/2012) - NASA/JPL - 360° Panorama from 360pano.eu


  • Gale Crater - Curiosity rover Landing Site (07/21/2012) – Video (02:37) on YouTube


  • Gale Crater - Central Debris Mound from lpl.arizona.edu


  • Gale Crater - Layers from lpl.arizona.edu


  • Gale Crater - Image/THEMIS VIS 18m/px Mosaic from mars.asu.edu (Zoomable) (small)


  • Gale Crater - Surroundings from HRSCview.fu-berlin.de

  • Gale Crater - 3D version by ESA

  • Video (04:32) - Evidence: Water "Vigorously" Flowed On Mars - September, 2012


  • Video (66:00) – Gale Crater History (26 May 2015) on YouTube


  • Video (02:54) – Gale Crater Guide (2 August 2017) on YouTube











Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gale_(crater)&oldid=854955158"





Navigation menu


























(window.RLQ=window.RLQ||).push(function()mw.config.set("wgPageParseReport":"limitreport":"cputime":"1.140","walltime":"1.349","ppvisitednodes":"value":5713,"limit":1000000,"ppgeneratednodes":"value":0,"limit":1500000,"postexpandincludesize":"value":358549,"limit":2097152,"templateargumentsize":"value":45172,"limit":2097152,"expansiondepth":"value":13,"limit":40,"expensivefunctioncount":"value":0,"limit":500,"unstrip-depth":"value":1,"limit":20,"unstrip-size":"value":119883,"limit":5000000,"entityaccesscount":"value":1,"limit":400,"timingprofile":["100.00% 939.303 1 -total"," 45.38% 426.227 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.75% 194.863 37 Template:Cite_web"," 15.44% 145.018 1 Template:MarsGeo-Crater"," 14.15% 132.871 1 Template:Infobox_crater_data"," 13.63% 128.029 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.91% 102.504 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.29% 68.429 16 Template:Convert"," 5.13% 48.142 4 Template:Coord"," 4.31% 40.442 9 Template:Cite_news"],"scribunto":"limitreport-timeusage":"value":"0.470","limit":"10.000","limitreport-memusage":"value":8899335,"limit":52428800,"cachereport":"origin":"mw2232","timestamp":"20180918004301","ttl":1900800,"transientcontent":false);mw.config.set("wgBackendResponseTime":86,"wgHostname":"mw2169"););
-

Popular posts from this blog

The Dalles, Oregon

Image
The Dalles, Oregon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the city in Oregon. For the nearby geological formation, see Celilo Falls. For other uses, see Dalles. Not to be confused with the town of Dallas, Oregon. City in Wasco County The Dalles City The Dalles and the Columbia River in November 2008 Flag Seal Motto(s):  "Cognito timor Vincit" (Latin), "Knowledge Conquers Fear" (English) Location in Oregon Coordinates: 45°36′4″N 121°10′58″W  /  45.60111°N 121.18278°W  / 45.60111; -121.18278 Coordinates: 45°36′4″N 121°10′58″W  /  45.60111°N 121.18278°W  / 45.60111; -121.18278 County Wasco County Incorporated 1857 Government  • Mayor Stephen Elliott Lawrence (D) [1] [2] Area [3]  • Total 6.61 sq mi (17.12...
Read more

眉山市

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP   关于同名地方，参见：眉山郡、眉山县、眉山专区、眉山地区。 body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 眉山市 三苏祠 简称 眉 地名出处 1.以峨眉山为名、2.城郊有山，分左右两峰，远望如眉，眉山由此而得名，此山现位于眉山电信“6501”单位内部、3.源于苏东坡。据说有人见他眉如山丘，智冠五...
Read more

清晰法令

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 本條目 部分链接不符合格式手冊規範 。跨語言链接及章節標題等處的链接可能需要清理。 ( 2015年12月11日 ) 請協助改善此條目。參見WP:LINKSTYLE、WP:MOSIW以了解細節。突出显示跨语言链接可以便于检查。 維基百科的法律內容只供參考， 並不能視作專業意見 。任何法律問題應諮詢相關司法管轄權...
Read more