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Introduction






The Boeing 747, one of the most iconic aircraft in history.



Aviation, or air transport, refers to the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as balloons and airships.


Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the hot air balloon, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through buoyancy. Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came with the controlled gliding flying of Otto Lilienthal in 1896; then a large step in significance came with the construction of the first powered airplane by the Wright brothers in the early 1900s. Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the introduction of the jet which permitted a major form of transport throughout the world.


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An LAPD Bell 206
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine driven rotors. In contrast with fixed-wing aircraft, this allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform.

The word 'helicopter' is adapted from the French hélicoptère, coined by Gustave de Ponton d'Amecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- (ἕλικ-) = 'spiral' or 'turning' and pteron (πτερόν) = 'wing'.


Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with some reaching limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, it was the single main rotor with antitorque tail rotor configuration of this design that would come to be recognized worldwide as the helicopter.




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Aeroflot A330-200 after taking off from Sheremetyevo Airport in 2011

Credit: Sergey Kustov

The Airbus A330 is a wide-body twin-engine jet airliner made by Airbus which was introduced in 1994. The A330-200, such as pictured here in Aeroflot livery, entered service in 1998 and was considerably more popular than the earlier A330-300. In December 2012 there were 476 A330-200s in operation.





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Did you know




...that five USAAF airmen were awarded the Medal of Honor following Operation Tidal Wave, a low-level bombing of Romanian oil refineries on 1 August 1943?
...that one of the first aircraft to cross the Atlantic was the Italian Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boat, which went on to serve in the Luftwaffe in WWII?
...that the Lockheed NF-104A (pictured), equipped with a reaction control system as well as a rocket engine to supplement a jet engine, was a low-cost training vehicle for American astronauts in the 1960s?


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[[File:|right|250px|]]
The Tupolev TB-3 (Russian: Тяжёлый Бомбардировщик, Tyazholy Bombardirovschik, Heavy Bomber, civilian designation ANT-6) was a heavy bomber aircraft which was deployed by the Soviet Air Force in the 1930s and during World War II. It was the world's first cantilever wing four-engine heavy bomber. Despite obsolescence and being officially withdrawn from service in 1939, TB-3 performed bomber and transport duties through much of WWII. The TB-3 also saw combat as a Zveno project fighter mothership and as a light tank transport.


  • Span: 41.80 m (137 ft 2 in)

  • Length: 24.4 m (80 ft 1 in)

  • Height: 8.50 m (27 ft 11 in)

  • Engines: 4× Mikulin M-17F V12 engines, 525 kW (705 hp) each

  • Maximum Speed: 196 km/h (106 knots, 122 mph) at 3000 m (9,840 ft)

  • First Flight: 22 December 1930




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Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1986-013-04, Helmut Wick (cropped).jpg

Helmut Paul Emil Wick (5 August 1915 – 28 November 1940) was a German Luftwaffe ace and the fourth recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade, the Oak Leaves, was awarded by the Third Reich to recognise extreme bravery in battle or successful military leadership. It was Germany's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Helmut Wick.

Born in Mannheim, Wick joined the Luftwaffe in 1936 and was trained as a fighter pilot. He was assigned to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), and saw combat in the Battles of France and Britain. Promoted to Major in October 1940, he was given the position of Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 2—the youngest in the Luftwaffe to hold this rank and position. He was shot down in the vicinity of the Isle of Wight on 28 November 1940 and posted as missing in action, presumed dead. By then he had been credited with destroying 56 enemy aircraft in aerial combat, making him the leading German fighter pilot at the time. Flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109, he claimed all of his victories against the Western Allies.




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In the news




Wikinews Aviation portal

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  • September 29: Airplane crashes into ocean in Micronesia


  • May 20: Hawaii's Kīlauea volcano releases ash plumes to 30,000 feet, prompting aviation alerts


  • March 21: Uber suspends self-driving car program after pedestrian death in Arizona, United States


  • February 21: Iran: Wreckage found of plane crashed in mountains; all believed dead


  • February 15: United States: Jet loses engine cover over Pacific en route to Honolulu from San Francisco


  • January 15: Turkey: Aircraft skids off runway toward Black Sea


  • May 21: Fatal police helicopter crash in Slovakia due to technical failure: preliminary Interior Ministry finding


  • January 26: Rescue helicopter crash kills six in Abruzzo, Italy


  • January 26: Official death toll from Nigerian refugee camp airstrike passes 100


  • January 25: UK Civil Aviation Authority issues update on Shoreham crash response






Today in Aviation




October 23



  • 2009 – Slovakian airline Seagle Air ceases operations.


  • 2009 – An Indian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-27 Flogger D/J flying from the Hasimara Air Force Base, Eastern Air Command crashes near New Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. The aircraft on a routine training exercise suffers a technical fault and an on-board engine fire shortly after take-off. After a successful ejection the pilot parachutes into a nearby tea estate and the aircraft crashes into a nearby river bank injuring two children.


  • 2007 – Space Shuttle Discovery STS-120 launches at 15:38:19 UTC. Mission highlights (ISS assembly flight 10A): US Harmony module, crew rotation.


  • 2003 – Concorde makes its final commercial flight from London Heathrow to New York JFK as Speedbird Concorde 1. It was to return the next day as Speedbird Concorde 2 to land in sequence with two other Concordes on Heathrow's runway 27 right.


  • 2003 – AH-64D Apache 00-5219 (ex AH-64A 86-8972) from 1–101st Aviation Regiment crashes in Iraq while approaching to land at Kirkuk. The APU clutch failed and started a fire in flight. Aircraft landed safely but fuselage was almost completely burnt through.[1]


  • 1987 – The last F-104 Starfighter is phased out of West German Luftwaffe service.


  • 1977 – (Oct. 26-31) A Pan American World Airways Boeing 747SP circumnavigates the world over the two poles.


  • 1972 – In Vietnam, Operation Linebacker concludes.


  • 1967 – American aircraft attack Phúc Yên airfield, North Vietnam’s largest airfield, for the first time.


  • 1967 – First flight of the Canadair CL-215


  • 1996 – Fuerza Aérea Argentina Boeing 707-372C, LV-LGP, c/n 20077/728, on approach to Ezeiza-Ministro Pistarini Airport, Buenos Aires, Argentina, makes high approach without proper attention to pre-landing procedures, develops nose-down attitude at 900–1,000 metres, does not have time to correct, strikes ground hard about 750 metres short of runway 11, breaks up, and burns. Two of eight on board are killed.


  • 1964 – U.S. Navy aircraft begin providing cover for Laotian government forces.


  • 1962 – The Air Defence Command alerted due to the Cuban missile crisis.


  • 1962 – In Operation Blue Moon, six U. S. Navy RF-8 Crusader photographic reconnaissance aircraft flying from Key West, Florida, conduct the first American low-level flights over Cuba, flying at 644 km/hr (400 mph) only a few hundred feet off the ground.


  • 1962 – A USAF Boeing C-135B-BN Stratolifter, 62-4136, c/n 18476/C42, of the Military Air Transport Service, delivering a load of ammunition from McGuire AFB, New Jersey, to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, as part of the military response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, stalls and crashes short of the runway, killing all seven crew. This was the first cargo C-135 hull loss.


  • 1957 – The British European Airways Vickers Viscount 802 G-AOJA crashes while landing in rain and low clouds at Nutts Corner Airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland, killing all seven people on board.


  • 1952 – First flight of the Hughes XH-17


  • 1951 – Ten U.S. Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortresses attack an airfield in North Korea; three are shot down, four make emergency landings in South Korea, and three badly damaged aircraft return to Okinawa. It is the last daylight combat mission flown by the B-29.


  • 1945 – The last of 10,174 military DC-3/C-47 transport aircraft built by Douglas is handed over to the U.S. Army Air Forces.


  • 1944 – First flight of the Nakajima G8N


  • 1943 – First flight of the Vickers Windsor


  • 1943 – 45 Fifth Air Force B-24 Liberators raid Rabaul, escorted by 47 P-38 Lightnings.


  • 1942 – American Airlines Flight 28, a Douglas DC-3, crashes near Palm Springs, California, after being struck by a U.S. Army Air Corps Lockheed B-34 bomber; all 12 aboard the airliner die, while the bomber lands safely with minor damage.


  • 1939 – First flight of the Mitsubishi G4M


  • 1934 – Francesco Agello sets a new airspeed record in the Macchi MC.72, of 709 km/h (440 mph).


  • 1929 – The first North American transcontinental air service begins between New York City and Los Angeles, California.


  • 1923 – First flight of the Handley Page Hyderabad


  • 1911 – First use of aircraft in war as an Italian pilot takes off from Libya to observe Turkish army lines during the Turco-Italian War.


  • 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont wins the Archdeacon prize as he flies his 14-bis aircraft at Bagatelle, France a distance of 60 m (197 ft).

References




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