薩法爾王朝是由一位出身卑微的男子耶古卜·伊本·莱伊斯(Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar)創立,並以他的名字命名。他原本是一名銅匠,後來成為了軍閥,征服和控制了錫斯坦地區、阿富汗全境、今伊朗中部和東部及巴基斯坦部分地區。薩法爾王朝以首都扎蘭季為據點向東面和西面擴張,他們在873年推翻了塔希爾王朝,並吞併了呼羅珊。在耶古卜逝世時,薩法爾王朝已佔據了喀布爾地區、信德、吐火羅、莫克蘭(俾路支地區)、克爾曼、法爾斯及呼羅珊,但卻未能成功佔領巴格達[3]。
耶古卜逝世後,薩法爾王朝的統治並沒有長時期延續下去,他的弟弟和繼承人阿慕爾·本·萊伊斯(Amr bin Laith)在900年被薩曼王朝的伊斯梅爾·薩馬尼(Ismail Samani)擊敗[4],阿慕爾·本·萊伊斯被迫交出大部分的領土,薩法爾王朝只能控制錫斯坦,他及繼後的王朝繼承人淪為薩曼王朝的附庸。
(英文)Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, Edinburgh University Press, 2004, ISBN 0748621377
(英文)Gangler, Anette; Gaube, Heinz; Petruccioli, Attilio, Bukhara, the eastern dome of Islam: urban development, urban space, architecture and population, Edition Axel Menges, 2004, ISBN 3932565274
(英文)Stokes, Jamie, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 0816071586
(英文)Sicker, Martin, The Islamic world in ascendancy:from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0275968928
(英文)Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids6, 1968
(英文)Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lecomte, G., Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 1995
The Dalles, Oregon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the city in Oregon. For the nearby geological formation, see Celilo Falls. For other uses, see Dalles. Not to be confused with the town of Dallas, Oregon. City in Wasco County The Dalles City The Dalles and the Columbia River in November 2008 Flag Seal Motto(s): "Cognito timor Vincit" (Latin), "Knowledge Conquers Fear" (English) Location in Oregon Coordinates: 45°36′4″N 121°10′58″W / 45.60111°N 121.18278°W / 45.60111; -121.18278 Coordinates: 45°36′4″N 121°10′58″W / 45.60111°N 121.18278°W / 45.60111; -121.18278 County Wasco County Incorporated 1857 Government • Mayor Stephen Elliott Lawrence (D) [1] [2] Area [3] • Total 6.61 sq mi (17.12...