抗生素抗藥性

The name of the pictureThe name of the pictureThe name of the pictureClash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP






抗生素抗藥性試驗:左邊培養皿中的細菌對白色紙片所含的抗生素表現脆弱。在右邊培養皿的細菌具有大多數抗生素的抗性。


抗生素抗藥性(antibiotic resistance)是抗藥性的一種形式,藉此特性,一些微生物亞群體,通常是細菌種,能夠在暴露於一或多種抗生素之下得以生存;對多種抗生素具抗藥性的病原體被視為具有多重抗藥性英语Multiple drug resistance(multidrug resistant,MDR),或更通俗地稱之超級細菌(superbugs)。微生物演化對抗生素產生抵抗力。[1]


抗生素抗藥性是當代醫學一個日益嚴重的現象,已成為21世紀超級重要的公共健康議題之一,特別是因為它涉及到病原微生物(此術語特別指有關引起人類疾病的生物)。在最簡單的情況下,抗藥性的有機體可能獲得第一線抗生素的抵抗力,從而需要使用二線藥物。通常,選用第一線藥物是根據安全性、易取得和成本等的考量;二線藥物則通常是廣效的、有個不受歡迎的副作用、以及比較昂貴,或是情勢急迫,局部沒有效果。某些MDR病原體,相繼獲得第二、甚至第三線抗生素的抗藥性,典型的情況像是金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的院內感染。某些病原體如綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)還具有高水準的內在抗藥性。


由於不斷增長的患病率和發病率,MDR病原菌通常用來代表陸續增加的常見縮寫:MRSA(抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌,Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)大概是最有名的,但其他還有像是VISA(萬古黴素敏感性減低金黃色葡萄球菌,vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus)、VRSA抗萬古黴素金黃色葡萄球菌英语Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,vancomycin-resistant S. aureus)、ESBL(超廣效β-內醯胺酶,Extended spectrum beta-lactamase),VRE(抗萬古黴素腸球菌,Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus)、MRAB(多重抗藥性鮑氏不動桿菌,Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii), CRE抗碳青黴烯類腸桿菌英语Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae,Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae),都是顯著的例子。當院內感染壓倒性主導的情況下牽扯到MDR病原菌,多重抗藥性的感染也會在社區變得越來越普遍。




目录





  • 1 成因

    • 1.1 自然發生


    • 1.2 在醫學上


    • 1.3 其他動物中的作用



  • 2 對環境的影響


  • 3 機制


  • 4 抗藥菌

    • 4.1 金黃色葡萄球菌


    • 4.2 鏈球菌和腸球菌


    • 4.3 綠膿桿菌


    • 4.4 艱難梭菌


    • 4.5 沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌


    • 4.6 鮑氏不動桿菌


    • 4.7 克雷伯肺炎桿菌


    • 4.8 結核桿菌



  • 5 參見


  • 6 腳註


  • 7 參考文獻


  • 8 外部連結




成因




自然發生



在醫學上



其他動物中的作用



對環境的影響



機制





Schematic representation of how antibiotic resistance evolves via natural selection. The top section represents a population of bacteria before exposure to an antibiotic. The middle section shows the population directly after exposure, the phase in which selection took place. The last section shows the distribution of resistance in a new generation of bacteria. The legend indicates the resistance levels of individuals.



抗藥菌



金黃色葡萄球菌



金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus



鏈球菌和腸球菌


化膿性鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes


抗萬古黴素腸球菌(Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus



綠膿桿菌


多重抗藥性綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa



艱難梭菌


艱難梭菌(Clostridium difficile



沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌


大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)和沙門氏菌(Salmonella



鮑氏不動桿菌


鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii



克雷伯肺炎桿菌


克雷伯肺炎桿菌碳青黴烯酶(KPC,K. pneumoniae carbapenemase)



結核桿菌


結核桿菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis



參見


  • 國際慎用抗生素聯盟英语Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics

  • 抗菌洗手乳英语Antibacterial soap


  • 克雷伯肺炎桿菌碳青黴烯酶KPC,K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (Class A),抗藥性基因

  • 廣效抗生素英语Broad-spectrum antibiotic

  • 抗碳青黴烯類腸桿菌屬英语Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae

  • 疾病動態、經濟和政策中心英语Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy

  • 最後一線藥物英语Drug of last resort

  • 多藥耐受性英语Multidrug tolerance

  • 多重抗藥性革蘭氏陰性菌英语Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria


  • 新德里金屬-β-內酰胺酶1(NDM-1),抗藥性基因

  • 殺蟲劑抗藥性英语Pesticide resistance


腳註




  1. ^ Antibiotic Resistance Questions & Answers. Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. 30 [20 March 2013].  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)



參考文獻


書籍

  • Caldwell, Roy; Lindberg, David (编). Understanding Evolution [Mutations are random]. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 2011 [Aug 14, 2011]. 
期刊

  • Arias, Cesar A.; Murray, BE. Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century —A Clinical Super-Challenge. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009, 360 (5): 439–443. PMID 19179312. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0804651. 


  • D'Costa, Vanessa; King, Christine; Kalan, Lindsay; Morar, Mariya; Sung, Wilson; Schwartz, Carsten; Froese, Duane; Zazula, Grant; Calmels, Fabrice. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature. September 2011, 477 (7365): 457–461. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..457D. PMID 21881561. doi:10.1038/nature10388. 


  • Donadio, Stefano; Maffioli, Sonia; Monciardini, Paolo; Sosio, Margherita; Jabes, Daniela. Antibiotic discovery in the twenty-first century: Current trends and future perspectives. The Journal of Antibiotics. August 2010, 63 (8): 423–430. PMID 20551985. doi:10.1038/ja.2010.62. 


  • Goossens, H; Ferech, M; Vander Stichele, R; Elseviers, M; Esac Project, Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. Group Esac Project. 2005, 365 (9459): 579–87. PMID 15708101. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736 (05)17907-0 请检查|doi=值 (帮助). 


  • Hawkey, PM; Jones, AM. The changing epidemiology of resistance. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. September 2009,. 64 Suppl 1: i3–10. PMID 19675017. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp256. 


  • Soulsby, EJ. Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals: Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution. BMJ. 2005, 331 (7527): 1219–20. PMC 1289307. PMID 16308360. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1219. 


  • Alternatives to Antibiotics Reduce Animal Disease. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 9 Jan 2006. 


外部連結


  • Animation of Antibiotic Resistance

  • CDC Article on Hospital Acquired MRSA

  • CDC Article on Community Acquired MRSA

  • CDC Guideline "Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings, 2006"

  • ReAct Action on Antibiotic Resistance

  • Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics


  • Louis Anthony (Tony) Cox, Douglas A. Popken. Quantifying Potential Human Health Impacts of Animal Antibiotic Use: Enrofloxacin and Macrolides in Chickens. Risk Analysis. 2006-02-01, 26 (1): 135–146 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1539-6924. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00723.x (英语). 

  • Information about phage therapy – a possible alternative to antibiotics in case of resistant infections


  • Antibiotic-resistance genes as markers Once necessary, now undesirable

  • CBS Article on Phage Therapy and Antibiotic Resistance


  • Hospitals: Breeding the Superbug Article on MRSA infections in hospitals, Allianz Knowledge, by Valdis Wish, May 2008.

  • BURDEN of Resistance and Disease in European Nations - An EU-Project to estimate the financial burden of antibiotic resistance in European Hospitals

  • Extending the Cure: Policy Research to Extend Antibiotic Effectiveness

  • 2003 New Guidance for Industry on Antimicrobial Drugs for Food Animals Questions and Answers, U.S. FDA


  • SciDev.net Antibiotic Resistance spotlight The Science and Development Network is an online science and development network focused on news and information important to the developing world

  • Do Bugs Need Drugs?


  • Combating Drug Resistance - Tackling drug resistance in bacteria and other pathogens.


  • [1] Nanoparticles could treat antibiotic resistant infections.

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